The Importance of Imitation in Early Child Development Essay

The term imitation in psychological terms refers to the copying or mimicking of patterns of behaviour. This essay will evaluate the importance of imitation in infancy using the theory of Piaget contrasted with the findings of other studies that differ radically in their conclusions. The essay will show that the importance of imitation as a forerunner to symbolic representation and ultimately abstract thought can be counterbalanced by arguments concerning language acquisition which does not solely depend on imitation for its development and is arguably one of the most important of human tools to develop. The amount of study this developmental feature has attracted is indicative of its importance in respect of cognitive development. As a†¦show more content†¦Piaget (1951) argued that the ability to think and reason is a lengthy developmental process that begins in infancy and is not fully completed until late childhood. To investigate the development of memory, a necessary component of representation and abstract thought, Piaget conducted a longitudinal study of his own children during their first year of life. Piaget reasoned that the start of memory development was evident when an infant was able to imitate an event and later repeat the event for itself. For Piaget a time interval between successful episodes of mutual imitation was necessary to confirm memory retention and actual reproduction of the behaviour. In his study Piaget failed to observe evidence of imitation in the first month of life which concurs with his theory that infants at this age are capable only of reflex actions over which they have no control. In the second to fourth months Piaget observed some evidence of imitation such as the opening and closing of the hand but noted that infants in this age band were unable to imitate new actions not already within their behaviour range. From four to eight months of age infants were able to imitate actions such as the hitting or banging of an object. Between the ages of eight and twelve months Piaget observed that infants were able to directly imitate facial expressionsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Deferred Imitation During The Sensorimotor Period1037 Words   |  5 PagesImitation and observational learning are important in aiding the attainment and portrayal of new behaviours, beginning as early as infancy (Meltzoff, 1993, p. 467). Deferred imitation and mental representation s were concepts by developmental psychologist Jean Piaget in his theory of infant cognitive development. Deferred imitation refers to a child’s ability to imitate the actions that they have seen others perform, following a delay, (Slater, Lewis, Anzures Lee, 2011). Piaget proposed that theRead MoreThe Centrality Of Play For A Child s Social Development1234 Words   |  5 Pagescentrality of Play for a child’s social development Play is so important in a child’s development that the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights has recognized it as a right of every child (Parents Magazine, 2015). Play is also important in social development as highlighted in my poster for parents, this rationale of my poster will discuss the key theories, processes and messages that are presented when looking at how play affects social development. Many theorists including Vygotsky, PiagetRead MoreSociocultural Theorists And Developmental Psychologists Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagespsychologists argue that the children’s cognitive development takes place through the social interaction with other people. Adults and generally more capable individuals are models of behaviors for children and through their guidance children understand not only the physical characteristics of the environment but also conceptualize the meaning of actions and peoples behavior (Corkum Moore, 1998). This essay illustrates the key e lements for the cognitive development with the collaboration of adults. FirstlyRead MoreChildren Learning Language Through Imitation Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesChildren Learning Language Through Imitation In this essay I intend on studying child language acquisition not only through imitation, but innateness, intellectual development and input also. This is a relatively new area of language research, which has very few definite answers or rules that can be applied invariably. This is why I believe that it is best to look at all the main aspects of how we learn to talk, in order to gain a greater perspective of the theorysRead MoreCharacteristics Of A First And Second Language : Behaviorism, Innatism And Social Interactionist Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagesdisciplines and research directions, such as cognitive psychology, linguistics, etc.; therefore, the models relate to linguistic development in various ways. One of the most striking differences between the approaches is the perception of the place of heredity and environment in the process of acquiring language, but as we shall see each approach gives them a different weight and importance. In this paper we describe three approaches to acquire first and second language: Behaviorism, Innatism and Social-interactionistRead MoreChild Language Acquisition: Nature or Nurture?1645 Words   |  7 PagesChild language acquisition: nature or nurture? (final version) Introduction The study of language development, one of the most fascinating human achievements, has a long and rich history, extending over thousands of years (Chomsky, 2000). As the nature-versus-nurture argument is inevitable to arise whenever human behaviors are discussed, it is not surprising that language experts have debated the relative influences of genetics and the environment on language development (Hulit Howard, 2002). AmongRead More Language Acquisition in Children Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesAcquisition in Children Introduction The study of language development, one of the most fascinating human achievements, has a long and rich history, extending over thousands of years (Chomsky, 2000). As the nature-versus-nurture argument is inevitable to arise whenever human behaviors are discussed, it is not surprising that language experts have debated the relative influences of genetics and the environment on language development (Hulit Howard, 2002). Among the various proposals concerningRead MoreObservation of Child Growth Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction red - Development blue – Conclusion orange Individualism– Giving priority to one’s own goals over group          goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes          rather than group identification.       For the first time in my life I am being an individualist. I am giving greater priority to my own personal goals. I honestly don’t know what I was thinking changing careers at the age of 42 but I am determined to get my nursing degree. For the next 2 years it will beRead MoreThe Importance Of Play For Early Childhood Education Programs1699 Words   |  7 Pagesexamine?the relevance of the main discourses of play for early childhood education programs This essay introduces the definition of play, its importance in early years. It also makes us understand the different contributions made by theorists in enhancing our understanding the value of play. It also examines the implications of play on children and early childhood services. We also discuss the origin and role of child-initiated play in a child?s early years. Play is defined as universal language and aRead MoreFirst Relationships Essay1804 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the development of the infant in their future as adults. In the weeks after they are born babies have limited abilities to interact with adults who look after them but as they get older they become more and more equal partners in creating and upholding their relationships. There are many different aids that contribute towards the development and enhance relationships. Three main features of early development are meshing, scaffolding and imitation. Each contributes

James Holmes s View On Mental Illness - 1066 Words

On July 20, 2012 James Holmes enter a theater in Aurora Colorado and shot and killed 12 people. Attorneys tested Holmes and called for a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist stated that Holmes was so crazy that he could not distinguish what’s right and what’s wrong during the period he committed the crime. Dr Jonathan Woodcock interviewed Holmes during the time he was in jail on July 24 just four days after the shooting occurred for two hours duration. Holmes’s testimony drew questions from prosecutors that doubted his analyzation of Holmes being severe delusional during the mass shooting. Doctor claimed that they found Holmes suffering from severe mental illness and because of that it made him act violently. Holmes thought that if he snitch and went on and told the public of attempting to kill strangers he would be obligated to pay for the consequences. Doctors testified that one of Holmes delusion was to go out and do what he had to do. Woodcock was a witness by the defense to purpose the idea that Holmes was indeed crazy the moment he was shot people dead. Before the shooting occurred Holmes had already symptoms of mental illness disorder which made him anxious and stress and committed the crime. In differ to Woodcock ‘s finding the court had appointed psychiatrist who had examined Holmes prior to the shootings and after the shootings. They found out the Holmes was mentally ill but had capability of what’s rights and what s wrong. Even if Holmes had capability of hisShow MoreRelatedJames Holmes s View On Mental Illness1390 Words   |  6 Pages On July 20, 2012 James Holmes enter a theater in Aurora Colorado and shot and killed 12 people. Attorneys tested Holmes and called for a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist stated that Holmes was so crazy that he could not distinguish what’s right and what’s wrong during the period he committed the crime. Dr Jonathan Woodcock interviewed Holmes during the time he was in jail on July 24 just four days after the shooting occurred for two hours duration. Holmes’s testimony drew questions from prosecutorsRead MoreJames Holmes s Theory Of Social Control Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesJames Eagan Holmes was born December 13, 1987. Holmes is now identified as a mass murder after murdering 12 people and wounding 70 in a shooting that took place at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado. Heterotypic continuity best described James Holmes behavior throughout his life. His underlying developmental process impairment stayed the same, but the way he acted them out drastically changed leading to the mass shooting. This impairment being James’ antisocial behavior. I would look at James HolmesRead MorePersonal Statement On Bad Behavior1677 Words   |  7 Pagesis healthy and functioning the way it should be. Many people have doctor’s visits for regular check ups even without any sign of a health issue. For counseling on the other hand, it is s een as a support system for people who are having â€Å"unhealthy† mental issues. Since a doctor is seen just to be sure that your body is working well, shouldn’t it be the same for your brain too? In many cases, bad behavior in children and adults has to do with how your life is affecting your emotions. Although it mayRead MoreGun Control And Gun Violence1172 Words   |  5 Pagescontributor to the National Review Post wrote that strict laws against guns won’t prevent gun violence. He proves this idea by providing a list of massacres that occurred. James Holmes killed 12 people at a movie theater in Colorado. Holmes legally purchased two 4 guns. All the weapons were purchased from licensed dealers, and Holmes passed background checks on each occasion. Ian Lee Stawicki murdered five people at a Cafà © in Seattle. He too legally purchased 6 guns. Stawicki not only passed backgroundRead MoreGuns Don t Kill People1654 Words   |  7 Pagesallowed to own a fire arm. Guns are a mean of survival and protection and always will be. They should run background checks on everyone who tries to purchase a gun. They should not sell them to people that are mentally ill or have other types of mental disorders. Guns should only be sold to people that have not committed any violent crimes. This would stop a lot of crimes concerning weapons that occur in America today. Guns should be sold to people for protection and hunting. Also, banding gunsRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States2402 Words   |  10 Pagesstated that if a firearm were small enough to be concealed on a person, then that firearm had to be registered with the state. Many believe this bill was used to test the waters for further gun control laws in the future. It wasn t until the 1930’s when opponents of the second amendment started to take action at the federal level. One law that was established at this time was the National Firearms Act of 1934. The Nation al firearms Act stated that any weapon considered a machine gun or shortRead More Occupational Stress Essay2811 Words   |  12 Pages(Evans, Cohen 1987). Psychological stressors could be items such as conflicting views with your manager or, seemingly unattainable deadlines. Problems at home may compound these issues when they are presented in an occupational situation. Stress may be caused by many different situations in the various environments that we are a part of each day. Some social stress factors may be measured by Life Crisis Units (LCU) (Holmes and Rahe, 1967). This scale is used to aid in evaluation of, but not predictRead MoreAmerican Psycho : Does Insanity Negate Responsibility?3774 Words   |  16 PagesInsanity Negate Responsibility? Insanity has made a particularly notable transition into the public eye over the past century. In America, this shift into visibility was marked mostly by Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, John Hinckley, Jr., and - most recently - James Holmes. Before -- and even while -- these individuals provided for nationwide, landmark exposure and attention to crimes committed by the mentally ill, certain precedents set by the Supreme Court further shaped how Americans viewed the culpability ofRead MoreHsc 3008 Implement Therapeutic Group Activities5800 Words   |  24 Pages Article Non-pharmacological interventions in dementia Simon Douglas, Ian James and Clive Ballard Simon Douglas is a clinical research nurse at the Wolfson Research Centre in Newcastle upon Tyne. He is currently coordinating a number of studies, particularly on dementia in nursing and residential homes and providing input into a new trial of non-pharmacological interventions for dementia. Ian James is a consultant clinical psychologist at the Centre for the Health of the Elderly atRead MoreThe Effects on Media Violence Essay1874 Words   |  8 PagesUnfortunately, after researching this topic it is clear that it is no longer possible to say violent media is completely harmless. Videogames and television do have harmful effects on children and young adults. Research has been done since the 1950’s and almost all studies show clear evidence that media violence does cause increased violent tendencies, desensitization, and antisocial behavior – which is the same as sociopathic and psychopathic behavior, it does not mean introverted. Understanding

The Power of Photographs free essay sample

Photographs have always been my family’s favorite way to reminisce about fond memories. The collection of them shows how much we have grown, shows how we have overcome many obstacles of life, and most importantly shows how much we care about one another. Even though there may be a numerous amount of them, photographs are truly irreplaceable objects that can help us travel back to another time and place emotionally. One of my favorite pictures is from when my siblings and I were younger, getting ready for church on Easter Sunday. My sister and I had large grins on our faces, as we were excited to have our picture taken. However, my brother showed an angry expression on his face, as if taking a family picture would be the end of him. It’s shocking to see how much my siblings and I have changed over the past few years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Power of Photographs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We have all clearly grown in height and weight, and we have all developed our own individual styles instead of looking like our parents clearly picked out our outfits for the day. We all seem to have matured, as we no longer fight about meaningless factors of life anymore. Still, photos show parts of family dynamics that are universal, since my siblings and I look like we’re arguing. However, we still all look like we are happy to be with each other even though we weren’t getting along at the time. Another one of my favorite pictures is a picture from my great grandmother’s funeral. The picture had been taken right after calling hours, after we had all finally stopped crying. Even though the picture was taken at a time that was depressing for all of us, we all were together, and that’s what we all considered to be most important at the time. We all realized that even though it was sad that my great grandmother was no longer with us, we could still celebrate her life and the time we spent with her, as well as celebrating each other and cherishing the family members that were still alive and well. I remember a photo from when my cousin and I were toddlers. We were seated on my now dead great grandmother’s lap in the living room of my grandparent’s house. In the picture I was hugging him around the neck because I wanted him to come closer to me so I embrace him. However, in the end result of the photograph it looked more like I was trying to choke my cousin instead of give a loving hug. Despite the fact that I thought I was being a good cousin by physically showing my love to my cousin, sometimes other methods are more effective. Even though we may have uncomfortable moments with each other from time to time, we still care about each other very much and want other people to know that we care about each other and know that we are lucky to have a caring and supportive family dynamic. Photographs are my family’s way of emotionally traveling back in time because photographs often show how much we have grown, show how we have overcome many obstacles of life, and most importantly show how much we care about one another. Even though not all memories linked to photographs are good ones, we wouldn’t trade the memories we have together for anything. Every photograph and memory are important to each individual’s life, helping to show our uniqueness and life values. Most importantly, photographs can help us realize what we used to be, what we are, and what we can become as individuals.

Internal Legal Memorandum free essay sample

Running Head: INTERNAL LEGAL MEMORANDUM Internal Legal Memorandum PA299: Associates Capstone in Paralegal Studies Kynyatta Weaver Professor: Monica Ross Kaplan University Saturday, August 06, 2011 CONFIDENTIAL Legal Memorandum TO: Attorney Monica Ross FROM: Paralegal Kynyatta Weaver DATE: August 6, 2011 SUBJECT: Personal Injury FACTS On April 30, 2008 around 9:30 a. m. an incident involving Shayla Smith occurred at the OD Family Campground. The question is to whether the campground was negligent when securing the pool area where the incident occurred. Our client is Mary Smith the mother of Shayla Smith. Shayla Smith went to the O D Family Campground owned by Owen and Dolly Jones, with her friend Tamara and her parents Bob and Susan Tuttle. On the day of the incident the girls snuck out of the family living area and went to the pool area in the campground. When the girls go to the pool there was a lock on the pool but the lock had been broken, it was just there as a deterrence. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal Legal Memorandum or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The girls opened the gate and proceeded to enter the pool, Tamara went in first yelling that the pool was shallow, but Shayla did not hear her and proceeded to follow her in, and when she dove in and she broke her arm. Tamara saved Shayla by pulling her to the side of the pool and yelling for help. Shayla was taken by ambulance to the hospital and was treated putting a cast on followed by physical therapy. The Tuttles’ called Mary Smith on the way to the hospital as they followed the ambulance. This is Shayla’s first injury. Shayla has been diagnosed with ‘dyslexia’ (a learning disorder involving reading). ISSUES 1. Were the owners of OD Family Campground, Owen and Dolly Jones guilty of negligence by not proving a new lock for the pool gate? 2. Were owners Owen and Dolly Jones negligent by only having signs on display when the pool area was open instead of having them on display at all times? SHORT ANSWER 1. Yes, the owners of the OD Family Campground were negligent by not providing an appropriate lock for the gate on their property. . Yes, Owen and Dolly Jones the owners of the OD Family Campground were negligent by not having signs on display stating rules and regulations of the establishment. DISSCUSSION/ANALYSIS Comparative Negligence In this case the owners of the OD Family Campground knowing the lock was broken and not replacing it knowingly and willfully ignore a problem which lead to the broken arm of Shayla Smith at their establishment. Under the modified comparative negligence of 1986 (735 ILCS 5/2 -1116), the plaintiff’s recovery is reduced by the plaintiff’s comparative negligence unless the plaintiff is more than 50% at fault for causing their own injuries. If the plaintiff is more than 50% liable a judgment is then entered on behalf of the defendant. Swimming Pool and Bathing Beach Act (210 ILCS 125/et seq) The Department of Public Health issues the construction permits, inspections, and license on an annual basis for all swimming pools except at private residences that are used for the owner of the residence and their guest. This department is responsible for providing safe swimming environments. All pools are required to have a protective barriers (wall, fence, or barrier) the can enclose the entire swimming pool deck area. The barrier is supposed to prevent easy access to the pool area. RECOMMENDATIONS/ CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the OD Family Campground were in fact negligent with the pool are and they were not in code with the requirements of the department of health when making the pool. The law of negligence applies hat is a person is injured on property that is dangerous because it is poorly maintained; the owner of the property is liable for being careless in maintaining the property. The Owners were negligent in not having a properly locked gate, a high enough fenced in barrier, or properly displayed warning signs. The owners of the OD Family Campground also violated the rules and guidelines of the Iowa Department of Public Health, therefore they should be held accountable for their action.

International Logistics and Supply Chain Outsourcing

International Logistics and Supply Chain Outsourcing Logistics refers to the systematic flow of resources from the point of origin to the right destination. Business logistics involves putting an item in right quantity at the correct time and place (Waters, 110). This is meant to deliver the expected benefits to the organization (Waters, 111). For efficiency purposes, business logistics should involve all the industrial sectors so as to achieve the main objective of the company (Rushton, 266).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Logistics and Supply Chain Outsourcing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Previously, location was a significant element in business. Proper location of business guaranteed fruitful business. However, things have changed today since business is done globally with markets opened everywhere. The world has developed an ability to deliver things where they are needed at the right time. It has enabled business entities to reach out and keep in touch with their customers. Logistics has made business ventures to expand the market for their goods and services. They do not target a limited number of consumers. Instead, they have changed their focus by reaching out to the global market. This in return has enabled the companies to maximize their profits. Due to logistics, organizations are able to make their customers satisfied by creating a suitable supply chain, which has saved money for many of these businesses. Consumers develop confidence with a supplier who is consistent in production. They are able to get products at the right time, when needed. The confidence makes them stick to the company, making the organization develop, raising from one level to another. Satisfaction of clients should be a priority to the company staff and management. All the stakeholders should work hand in hand to ensure that consumers’ needs are met. Logistics has separated success from failure. It is a powerful tool that has erupt ed to improve service, and lower costs in the global economy. Logistics has caused a change in the functioning of companies. The world is experiencing a lot of competition today. Business ventures are expected to come up with new innovations because consumers’ demands have increased. Everything starts at the reception when the client enters the business premises. Firms that serve clients half-heatedly may lose customers since the rate of competition is high. Such customers may opt to buy from firms that treat them with courtesy. Therefore, business logistics has taken center stage in the operations of the company. The actual delivery of goods is sensitive to buyers and the willingness and promises to deliver no longer rule them. This suggests that the leading business ventures in providing products to the clients at the right time and place will benefit (Tate 9). Those that do not take priority in putting clients’ interest first are on the road to failure. Firms with e ffective systems in place achieve success, which proves that logistics is a driving force that brings positive results. The chain of supply is identified as a route that connects the producer and the user. A delay on the part of any partner may affect the whole system of the chain. The improvement of technology has facilitated consumers to make orders when needed. This, on the other hand, has equipped production firms to ensure that clients are served when demand arises.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As mentioned above, commodities sold and delivered on time save several things. Therefore, business ventures should look out for the most convenient ways of operating to ensure low costs. Rushton, Alan. International Logistics and Supply Chain Outsourcing: From Local to Global. USA: Kogan Page Ltd, 2007. Print. Tate, Karen. The elements of a successful logistic s partnership. International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management 26.3(1996): 7-13. Print. Waters, Donald. Global Logistics: New Directions in Supply Chain Management. USA: Kogan Page Ltd, 2010. Print.

Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge Washington A. Roebling

Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge Washington A. Roebling Washington A. Roebling served as the chief engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge during 14 years of construction. During that time he coped with the tragic death of his father, John Roebling, who had designed the bridge and also overcame serious health problems caused by his own work at the construction site. With legendary determination, Roebling, confined to his house in Brooklyn Heights, directed the work on the bridge from  a distance, watching progress through a telescope. He trained his wife, Emily Roebling, in engineering and she would relay his orders when she visited the bridge nearly every morning during its final years of construction. Fast Facts: Washington Roebling Born: May 26, 1837, in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania.Died: July 21, 1926, in Camden, New Jersey.Accomplishments: Trained as an engineer, served as an officer in the Union Army, with his father worked designing and building revolutionary suspension bridges.Best known for: Overcame injuries, and with the help of his wife Emily Roebling, built the Brooklyn Bridge, which had been designed by his father, John A. Roebling. As work on the enormous bridge progressed, rumors swirled about the condition of Colonel Roebling, as he was generally known to the public.  At various times the public believed he was entirely incapacitated or had even gone insane. When the Brooklyn Bridge  finally opened to the public in 1883, suspicions were raised when Roebling did not attend the enormous celebrations. Yet despite the  nearly constant talk about his frail health and rumors of mental incapacity, Roebling lived to the age of 89. When he died in Trenton, New Jersey, in  1926, an obituary published in the New York Times shut down many of the rumors. The article, published on July 22, 1926, said that in his final years Roebling was healthy enough to enjoy riding the streetcar from his mansion to the wire mill his family owned and operated. Roebling's Early Life Washington Augustus Roebling was born May 26, 1837, in Saxonburg, Pennsylvania, a town founded by a group of German immigrants which included his father, John Roebling. The elder Roebling was a brilliant engineer who went into the wire rope business in Trenton, New Jersey. After attending schools in Trenton, Washington Roebling attended Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and received a degree as a civil engineer. He began working for his fathers business and learned about bridge building, a field in which his father was gaining prominence. Within days of the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April 1861, Roebling enlisted in the Union Army. He served as a military engineer in the Army of the Potomac. At the Battle of Gettysburg Roebling was instrumental in getting artillery pieces to the top of Little Round Top on July 2, 1863. His quick thinking and careful work helped fortify the hill and secure the Union line at a desperate time in the battle. During the war, Roebling designed and built bridges for the Army. At the  wars end, he returned to working with his father. In the late 1860s, he became involved in a grandly ambitious project thought by many to be impossible: building a bridge across the East River, from Manhattan to Brooklyn. Chief Engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge John Roebling, the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, severely injured his foot in a freak accident while the site of the bridge was being surveyed in 1869. He died of an infection before any major work had started on the bridge. The massive project amounted to a collection of plans and drawings, and it fell to his son to make his vision a reality.   While the elder Roebling was always credited for creating the vision for what was known as The Great Bridge, he had not prepared detailed plans before his death. So his son was responsible for virtually all the details of the bridges construction. And, as the bridge was not like any other construction project ever attempted, Roebling had to find ways to overcome endless obstacles. He obsessed over the work and fixated on every detail of construction. During one of his  visits to the underwater caisson, the chamber in which men dug at the river bottom while breathing compressed air, Roebling was stricken. He ascended to the surface too quickly, and suffered from the bends. By the end of 1872 Roebling was essentially confined to his house. For a decade he oversaw construction, though at least one official investigation sought to determine if he was still competent to direct such a massive project. His wife Emily would visit the work site nearly every day, relaying orders from Roebling. Emily, by working closely with her husband, essentially became an engineer herself.   After the successful opening of the bridge in 1883, Roebling and his wife eventually moved to Trenton, New Jersey. There were still many questions about his health, but he actually outlived his wife by 20 years. When he died on July 21, 1926, at the age of 89, he was remembered for his work making the Brooklyn Bridge a reality.

Research Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Proposal - Dissertation Example Solar energy, if harnessed to its fullest, can provide the whole world with more than enough energy for a year, in just a single day. Science and technology is still far from that point. Solar energy harnessing with today’s inventions is still expensive and inefficient, making this a very exploitable research field, with the promise of a better world. Solar energy will soon come out as a multibillion dollar industry, and only those nations will prosper through it, which spend time, efforts and money in this field today. Solar energy harnessing through photovoltaic cells is a very promising field. To enhance the efficiency, increasingly thin films are being prepared. PVs are made out of doped semiconducting materials, which have relatively high resistivity as compared to common good conductors. Thus, photovoltaic cells are coated with conducting materials on their surface. These are thin films themselves, whose sole purpose is to behave as a conducting medium. The coatings are done over the photovoltaic layers, such that they are present between the light source and the photovoltaic layer. This means that the coatings have to be highly transparent for light transmission as well. The materials employed for this purpose are termed as Transparent Conducting Oxides, which are nothing but doped oxides that have very high conductivity and transmission. TCOs may have a variety of functions, such as transparent electrical contacts, antireflection coatings and chemical barriers, in photovoltaic films (Perkins et. al. 20051). It is to be noted that the energy band gap theory suggests that transparency of a material is closely related to the electrical behavior of a material, more specifically its resistivity. Transparency of a material is higher if the band gap between the valence and conduction band is high. If the band gap is high, the resistivity is high too. Thus it is difficult to have both high transparency and low resistivity together. To achieve this, dopin g is done in selected semiconductors, which can modify their properties to give us transparent layers with high conduction (Nave, 20102). A lot of research has been done in this field for over 50 years now and every project has led to the opening of a new chapter rather than closing out different chapters in the research. This is suggestive of the prospects of research in this field. The most important property of TCOs is their conductivity, and a lot of research has been done on that (Minami, 20003; Lewis and Paine, 20004) on aluminum doped zinc oxide, tin doped indium oxide, lead oxides, cadmium oxides, and their combinational oxides. These researches have indicated that there exists potential for engineered transparent conducting oxides to be formed with tailored properties (Freeman et. al. 20015). Transparency and light trapping has also been studied in detail in these papers. The main emphasis of the researches is to study composition-property behaviors. Some endeavors have als o been made for synthesis and characterization of these thin films (Banarjee et. al. 20036; Coutts and Young, 20007; Gurumurugan et. al. 19948; Freeman et. al. 2001). Researchers have also used surface characterization techniques to study how electrical, chemical and transparency properties of TCOs depend on the surface layer. The electronic/defect structure of the surface layers has a huge impact on the electrical properties of the layer

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

English Literature - Essay Example into the treatment of femininity/masculinity in the film, it is clear that Asaji (Lady Macbeth) in the film is with more calculations and ambitious than the real character of Lady Macbeth in the play. Here, Asaji is the driving force behind most of the actions in the play. She is more cruel and masculine than the Washizu (Macbeth), the protagonist. Besides, in the play, it is clear that Lady Macbeth is completely devoid of the loving and tender qualities which are associated with femininity and motherhood. In addition, it is unambiguous that Shakespeare attempted to represent the character of Macbeth as feminine and Lady Macbeth as masculine. Thesis statement: Analysis of femininity in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Akira Kurosawa’s Throne of Blood, and discussion on the feminine/masculine character of Lady Macbeth. The play Macbeth begins with the total destruction of order and by the climax this order is restored. Almost all the main characters get involved in this destruction and restoration process of the order or the restoration of the kingdom of Scotland from the control of Macbeth. Here, the female characters show more power and determination than male but both these characters are forced to face more critical situations in their lives. Besides, they are forced to wear the mask of masculinity of cover their feminine qualities of tenderness and caring. Shakespeare developed his characters by interchanging the gender identity of the main characters like Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth. Besides, the main male character is with feminine behaviour and the main female character is with masculine behaviour. To influence the Victorian Viewers, it was important for Shakespeare to develop this cross border gender identity. For instance, the character of Lady Macbeth is with male characteristics and her husband Macbeth fails to personify/prove his masculinity in most of the scenes in the play. James L Calderwood in the work- ‘Shakespeare & the denial of death,’

Production - Establishing a Business Essay Example for Free

Production Establishing a Business Essay This School Based Assessment is based on a business plan for Otaku Cafe. It is written with the intent to learn what it takes to start a business and to have something to use as a proposal to address potential investors and show the feasibility of the business. Business Description Otaku Cafe will be a cafe where people can come and read and write while enjoying sweet treats and coffee. It will be a sole trader business that sells sweets and beverages made right in the shop, fresh every day. The main objectives of this business will be to make 100% profit and to eventually open other branches all the while satisfying customers and bringing together people who have similar interests and reawakening people’s interest in books. Justification of Location The cafe’s location will be in Heritage Quay on the board walk. This is the chosen location because of the flow of customers who pass through due to the other businesses in the area and the tourists that come from the cruise ship. This location is in town but away from the traffic congestion; roads, water and electricity will also be easily accessible from the location. Also it is near the port, making it easier to get stocks from overseas. The lack of competitor cafes and the ready supply of possible labour from the surrounding area make this an optimum location. Selection of Appropriate Labour Skilled Employees Barista At least 2 will be necessary. They will be responsible for the making of quality beverages, handling the customers Assistant baker At least 3 will be needed. The assistant baker will be responsible for cleaning baking equipment and preparing and organising products in preparation for the baker Waiter / Waitress At least 4 will be necessary. They will be responsible for taking customer orders and delivering them their meals and beverages in a timely manner, delivering the bill to customers and clearing dirty wares from the tables. Sources of fixed and working capital The business premises, vehicles such as vans that may be used for transport of the product and raw materials, computers that are used, machinery such as ovens, coffee machines, heated display cases, freezers, are fixed capital, all which will be essential to the business but can be used to gain funds through their sale though they most likely would not be sold as they would be vital to the running of the business. Working capital will be gained first through small business loans from a commercial bank and will later be created through the money made from the sales of the cafe’s goods as working capital is the variable types of capitol made throughout the course of the business that can be readily converted into monetary funds. Roles of the Entrepreneur Creating and setting the concept the business will be bases on Providing funding for the business Planning for the establishment of the business Organize resources for business operation Type of Production The business will be involved in the production of the service of providing food and goods to customers as well as an entertaining experience at the cafe. Level of Production Production in the business will be on a domestic level, only producing for the local market as it is a more plausible level of production and more fiscally sound. Quality Control Measures Quality control within the business will be maintained through the strict adherence to recipes set for products, the hiring of mostly skilled workers and regular quality checks so as to ensure output of only optimum products and services to the customers. Use of technology Technology used in the business Internet Point of Sales system Accounting software (QuickBooks) Linkages The business will be involved in linkages with wholesale suppliers or producers of coffee, tea and other such beverages as well as suppliers or producers of fruits or fruit jams such as local farmers, producers of flour, dairy products and other suck materials needed to produce the goods of the cafe, to create an economic flow locally and to increase possible output and profit. Potential for Growth Growth within the business will be expected and hopefully the business will have to eventually move to a larger location, purchase more equipment to keep up with product demand and if possible, maybe even open other branches across the island. Government Regulations As a business earning money it will be required to be registered and pay taxes such as corporate taxes which are 2% of profits, custom tariffs, licence for importations and applying for work permits for any non-national employees and fulfilling payments of Social Security and Medical Benefits for employees. Ethical Issues Ethical issues such as the prompt payment of taxes, the correct labelling and advertising of products and the sales of quality goods instead of substandard or shoddy goods are all ethical standards that will be upheld by the business.

The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay -- Song of

The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Our culture seems to be fascinated by the unknown and specifically that which pertains to things of an eternal nature such as Heaven, angels, God and the meaning of forever. These things cause us to think about what we can't see and even allow us to engage ourselves in questioning the meaning behind our existence and what our purpose is here on earth. Some of these may be humorous and take on the realities of human nature while others stir something inside ourselves that cause us to take a deeper look at life. In Whitman's "Song of Myself" #44, he appears to be doing just that-- looking at life from a different perspective for a while. He begins with a challenge to mankind by saying, "What is known I strip away... I launch all men and women forward with me into the unknown. The clock indicates the moment ... but what does eternity indicate?" (1133-1136) It is as though he is asking each reader to join him in the exploration of the unknown, forgetting about the moment, and what the clock says and really considering what forever signifies. I don't know if you've ever sat down and actually thought about eternity... I mean really thought about it to the point that your brain seems like it's going to explode, but forever is a long time. It never ends...... and this is something that we as humans cannot fathom because in our lives everything has a beginning and everything has an end--anything other than this is viewed as incomprehensible. Whitman suggests that there is a certain cycle which keeps repeating itself as the years go on, indicating that perhaps eternity is made up of years of processes happening over and over again. His first example is of a bottom... ...rces" have combined, the end product is your soul. Whitman appears to have a sense of security in himself, being able to recognize where he came from ("Before I was born out of my mother generations guided me" 1163) and knowing that his life is a collaboration of efforts on many parts to make him who he is. Eventually, this would seem to indicate that it is the completion of one's soul which leads to ultimate satisfaction. Our lives will eventually lead to an eternity...and it is crucial that we take the time to evaluate our soul's future as well as its current status. Whitman clearly emphasizes the importance of looking at life as a whole and not just the moment. Through a biographical narrative of parts of his own life, urges us look at where we've been and all we've been through...look at all those who have impacted our life and realize the big picture. The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Essay -- Song of The Meaning of Life in Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Our culture seems to be fascinated by the unknown and specifically that which pertains to things of an eternal nature such as Heaven, angels, God and the meaning of forever. These things cause us to think about what we can't see and even allow us to engage ourselves in questioning the meaning behind our existence and what our purpose is here on earth. Some of these may be humorous and take on the realities of human nature while others stir something inside ourselves that cause us to take a deeper look at life. In Whitman's "Song of Myself" #44, he appears to be doing just that-- looking at life from a different perspective for a while. He begins with a challenge to mankind by saying, "What is known I strip away... I launch all men and women forward with me into the unknown. The clock indicates the moment ... but what does eternity indicate?" (1133-1136) It is as though he is asking each reader to join him in the exploration of the unknown, forgetting about the moment, and what the clock says and really considering what forever signifies. I don't know if you've ever sat down and actually thought about eternity... I mean really thought about it to the point that your brain seems like it's going to explode, but forever is a long time. It never ends...... and this is something that we as humans cannot fathom because in our lives everything has a beginning and everything has an end--anything other than this is viewed as incomprehensible. Whitman suggests that there is a certain cycle which keeps repeating itself as the years go on, indicating that perhaps eternity is made up of years of processes happening over and over again. His first example is of a bottom... ...rces" have combined, the end product is your soul. Whitman appears to have a sense of security in himself, being able to recognize where he came from ("Before I was born out of my mother generations guided me" 1163) and knowing that his life is a collaboration of efforts on many parts to make him who he is. Eventually, this would seem to indicate that it is the completion of one's soul which leads to ultimate satisfaction. Our lives will eventually lead to an eternity...and it is crucial that we take the time to evaluate our soul's future as well as its current status. Whitman clearly emphasizes the importance of looking at life as a whole and not just the moment. Through a biographical narrative of parts of his own life, urges us look at where we've been and all we've been through...look at all those who have impacted our life and realize the big picture.

Psychological assessment tools

Validation history, strength and weaknesses: One of the criticism of the gung scale Is that It used graded responses that may be confusing to elderly patients ,and so they may require assistance from the examiner to complete the form. Another problem with the test is that the mean score for elders Is significantly higher than that for younger subjects, with many normal elders assessed as false positive. It also misses depression in the elderly if it takes the form of multiple somatic complaints. Many authors have advised that it should NT be used for either research or clinical assessment of geriatric depression.Despite the concerns over the use of gung self depression scale in elderly , it still continues to be used for research especially in Europe,where it has been noted to revel sex and differences In in scales factor structure in the elderly population-the scale has also en translated to many languages including Arabic, German ,Portuguese and Spanish. 2. Millions clinical multir acial inventory. In 1969, Theodore millions undertook the test construction of the mimic. It contained 11 personality scales and clinical syndromes. Alt was revised both in 1989 and 1994.The millions clinical multiracial inventory is used to asses patient with a suspected or known psychological disorder to refine the diagnoses. The test is designed to be used specifically with adults. While it is developed mainly for use with mentally ill population. Scope: It is sometimes used for patients without a known psychological disorder. It can sometimes provide onsite into personality traits that can help people in psychotherapy NAS other settings. The MIMIC contains a total of 28 scales broken down into 24 clinical scales(personality and clinical syndrome scale).The 14 personally scales include; schizoid, avoiding, depressive ,dependent, histrionic, narcissistic,c antisocial, sadistic, compulsive, negativism,masochistic, psychotically, borderline and paranoid. The clinical scales include; anxiety, comparators, bipolar, hysteria, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, PATS, thought disorder, delusion disorder, and major depression. The mortifying indices include disclosure scale (x) , the desirability scale (y), and the debasement scale (z). Items: There are 175 true or false questions ,which ar designed to be completed in half an hour.The test closely coordinates with the ADSM . Patients' raw scores are converted to Base Rate (BRB) scores to allow comparison between the personality indices. The Base Rate scores are essentially where each score fits on a scale of 1-115, with 60 being he median score. Conversion to a Base Rate score is relatively complex, and there are certain corrections that are administered based on each patient's response style The Disclosure scale is the only scale in the MIMIC-III in which the raw scores are interpreted and in which a particularly low score is clinically relevant.A raw score above 178 or below 34 is considered to not be an accurat e representation of the patient's personality style as they either over-or under-disclosed and may indicate questionable results. A base rate score of 75 or greater on the Desirability or Debasement scales indicate that the examiner should proceed with cautioner the Personality and Clinical Syndrome scales, base rate scores of 75-84 are taken to indicate the presence of a personality trait, or (for the Clinical Syndromes scales) the presence of a clinical syndrome. Scores of 85 or above indicate the persistence of a personality trait or a clinical syndrome .Validation History and psychometric properties: Theoretical-substantive validity[edit] The first stage was a deductive approach and involved developing a large pool of items; the number of items was reduced based on a rational approach according to he degree to which they fit the theory as well as elimination of items based on simplicity, grammar, content, and scale relevance. Internal-structural validity[edit] Once the initial i tem pool was reduced, the second validation stage assessed how well items interrelated, and the psychometric properties of the test were determined.Internal consistency is the extent to which the items on a scale generally measure the same thing. Cockroach's alpha statistics range from . 66 (Compulsive) to . 90 (Major Depression). Test-retest reliability is a measure of the stability of the measure, or the change over time. The higher the correlation, the more stable the measure is. Based on 87 participants, the test-retest reliability of the MIMIC-III (5-14 days later) ranged from . 82 (Debasement) to . 96 (Comparators) with a median coefficient of . 91 . These however, no long-term data are available. External-criterion validity[edit] The final validation stage includes convergent and discriminative validity of the test, which is assessed by correlating the test with similar/dissimilar instruments. Positive predictive power is the likelihood of being right given a test positive, w hich ranged from . 30 (Masochistic) to . 1 (Dependent). Sensitivity, or the proportion of individuals that have a condition that are correctly identified ranged from . 44 (Negativism) to . 92 (Paranoid). Strength and weaknesses; the test is brief in comparison to other personality inventories and it has a strong theoretical basis.Some psychologists prefer to give it because the administration and scoring are simple, and it has a multi-axial format. The organization of the scales was confirmed by factor analysis and correlations done with third-party tests further confirm the validity of the scales. Internal consistency and alpha coefficients for the est., as well as test-retest reliability, are all good. 3. BECK'S ANXIETY INVENTORY The Beck Anxiety Inventory (ABA), created by DRP. Aaron T. Beck and other colleagues. It is a 21 -question multiple-choice self-report inventory that is used for measuring the severity of an individual's anxiety.The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a well accept ed self-report measure of anxiety in adults and adolescents for use in both clinical and research settings Scope: Though anxiety can be thought of as having several components, including cognitive, somatic, affective, and behavioral components, Beck et al. Included only two components in the Basis original proposal: cognitive and somatic. [2] The cognitive subspace provides a measure of fearful thoughts and impaired cognitive functioning, and the somatic subspace measures the symptoms of physiological arousal.Because the somatic subspace is emphasized on the ABA, with 15 out of 21 items measuring physiological symptoms, perhaps the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components of anxiety are being deemphasized. Therefore, the ABA functions more adequately in anxiety disorders with a high somatic component, such as panic disorder. On the there hand, the ABA won't function as adequately for disorders such as social phobia or obsessive-compulsive disorder, which have a stronger cogni tive or behavioral component.

Aspects of love †Romeo and Juliet Essay

Now Juliet’s father has a leading role in Juliet’s â€Å"love life†. In Verona the people were catholic and it was to have arranged marriages. With Juliet as a young teenager, Capulet thought she might have been too young to get married; Capulet- â€Å"My child is yet a stranger in the world; She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. † He was telling this to Paris. He was close to the Capulets and he seemed to impress Lady Capulet more then he did Juliet. In the story, Capulet had a few children, with Juliet as the youngest, but all part from Juliet had died through child hood. Death was very common in Elizabethan times, with the plague about and not very good medication, at least 1 in three children would most probably die through their child hood. With Juliet being his only child left, he would have liked her to have a happy life with a decent man and a decent living. He chose Paris to be more then suitable, Capulet-â€Å"And too soon marr’d are those so early made. The earth hath swallow’d all my hopes but she, She is the hopeful lady of my earth: But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart† But maybe he didn’t want to let her go just as yet. Capulets had a reputation to live up to, and the father wanted to keep it that way. Lady Capulet wasn’t really much of a motherly figure in the story to Juliet. She never seemed to talk to her much, and when she did they were more like commands. Juliet must have been use to this as she would address her politely; Juliet- â€Å"Madam, I am here. What is your will? † Was their any family love such as the hugs, stories and giving motherly advice between Lady Capulet and Juliet? From what it seems Lady Capulet, being the Lady of the house hold is more being busy around else where rather then ever being with her daughter. The nurse played a bigger part in Juliet’s life. She gave advice, and wanted Juliet to be happy, she was not into the ‘keeping the Capulets dignity’, she didn’t seem to be the kind of person to judge but she only told Juliet what she thought would be best for her. They talk of Juliet getting married, but Lady Capulet only asks if she would and not how she feels about the whole situation, alike Lord Capulet she is soon is suggesting of her marrying Paris. Lady Capulet- â€Å"Marry, that ‘marry’ is the very theme I came to talk of. Tell me, daughter Juliet, How stands your disposition to be married? † Juliet- â€Å"It is an honour that I dream not of. † In a respectful way, Juliet has already sorted her way of getting married. She is telling her mother that although she’s honoured to be in such a position in which her family would be proud of, it’s not her ideal way of living with someone for the rest of her life. Maybe she knew what she was looking for in love, that’s if she was looking for love at that time. Paris says he loves Juliet, and wants to marry her. But from what we see, he hardly knows Juliet, not like Romeo. They don’t have the chemistry. Juliet is charmed, and he is very gentlemen like. But what is love to Paris. Paris-This is that banish’d haughty Montague, That murder’d my love’s cousin, with which grief†¦ To Paris, he wants to marry a girl who will have his children and look good, so to speak. Like the Capulets or Montague way of raising a family, not through caring love but through pride and dignity. Paris- â€Å"younger than she are happy mothers made. † Through Juliets aspect of love, before she even meet Romeo, we see that there was no other interest in men, not even when Lady Capulet asked her what she though about marrying Paris. She just replied that she is something she would not dream of. When she met Romeo she instantly clicked with him. She was impressed by the way he spoke to her, and the words he used. No one had probably talked to her in such a way before. Romeo- Romeo’s mother and father aren’t really mentioned much in the play. Lord Capulet says he is confused about his son, that he is withdrawn and he doesn’t really know him. Although he see’s him withdrawn to himself he wants him to â€Å"dedicate his beauty to the sun†, share his thoughts. Lady Capulet seem to care about Romeo as much, Lady Capulet- â€Å"O where is Romeo? Saw you him today? Right glad I am he was not at this fray. † It looks as though his parents are concerned about him very much, they look out for their son, try to know where he is, as they know he is a sensitive and gentle person. It’s very common for parent to be protective over their children in a family. Within the Montague’s, their family is based around such care of each other, and not so much about dignity, even though he was brought up to think about the families pride and dignity. Romeo and his Cousin Benvolio hang about together; he is out most of the time with him and his best friend Mercutio. He talks to both of them about love, with Juliet and with Rosaline. Now with Rosaline, Romeo thought he was in love when in fact he was just infatuated by her class, beauty and plain hard to get. He soon gets over her when he meets Juliet. Romeo and Juliet both fell for each other at the party at the Capulets house party. The first time they spoke, they both talked with holy language, and Juliet (who was quite a religious person) was taken by his flattering words, the first time they spoke. Romeo- â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this, my lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. † Juliet- â€Å"Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, which mannerly devotion shows in this, for saints have hands that pilgrims’ hands do touch, and palm to palm is holy palmers’ kiss. † They only speak like this to each other, Juliet who has never been spoken to like this before is fascinated. By him by the end of the night, she does not want to leave him and he does not want to leave her. She warns him of the dangers he would be in if he got caught but he still risks all that just to see her that one night. At this point their views of love for each other begin. This is where they want to get to know each other, as they have never meet anyone like each other before. They probably felt that no-one has ever understood them before as they did in this one night. Juliet starts to believe in love, and Romeo finds that Rosaline was not true love after all, and these guys wouldn’t want to loose contact after this night. Friar Lawrence finds that these too are meant to be. Being a Friar, it does not refer to him believing in arranged marriages. But he thought that bringing Romeo and Juliet together would solve and bury the conflict between the too rival families, Montagues and Capulets. That they would find to love each other through Romeo and Juliets love for each other. He knew that Romeo and Juliet loved each other deeply so he risked this to solve the family feud as he believed that they wouldn’t part because of there families, because they had stayed together this far.

Girl Power Essays

Girl Power Essays Girl Power Essay Girl Power Essay Girl power From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The phrase girl power, as a term of empowerment, expressed a cultural phenomenon of the 1990s and early 2000s. It is also linked to third-wave feminism. The term was made popular by the Spice Girls in the mid to late 1990s. |Contents | |1 Early usage | |2 Spice Girls and scholarship | |2. 1 Oxford English Dictionary | |2. Criticism | |3 See also | |4 References | |5 Bibliography | Early usage The phrase is sometimes spelled as grrrl power, initially associated with Riot Grrrl. [1] Girl power was later utilized by a number of bands during the early 1990s, such as the Welsh indie band Helen Love[2] and the Plumstead pop-punk duo Shampoo. 3] Spice Girls and scholarship The phrase entered the mainstream, however, during the mid-1990s with the British pop quintet Spice Girls. [4][5][6][7] Professor Susan Hopkins, in her 2002 text, Girl Heroes: The New Force in Popular Culture, suggested a correlation between girl power, Spice Girls and female action heroes at the end of the 20th century. [8] Other scholars have also examined the phrase, girl power, often within the context of the academic field, Buffy Studies. 9] Media theorist Kathleen Rowe Karlyn in her article Scream, Popular Culture, and Feminisms Third Wave: Im Not My Mother[10] and Irene Karras in The Third Waves Final girl: Buffy the Vampire Slayer suggest a link with third-wave feminism. Frances Early and Kathleen Kennedy in the introduction to Athena’s Daughters: Television’s New Women Warriors, discuss what they describe as a link between girl power and a new image of women warriors in popular culture. [11] Oxford English Dictionary In 2001, the Oxford English Dictionary added the term girl power,[12] defining this phrase as: Power exercised by girls; spec. a self-reliant attitude among girls and young women manifested in ambition, assertiveness, and individualism. Although also used more widely (esp. as a slogan), the term has been particularly and repeatedly associated with popular music; most notably in the early 1990s with the briefly prominent ‘riot girl’ movement in the United States (cf. RIOT GIRL n. ); then, in the late 1990s, with the British all-female group The Spice Girls. 13] The OED further offers an example of this term by quoting from Angel Delight, an article in the March 24, 2001 issue of Dreamwatch about the television series Dark Angel: After the Sarah Connors and Ellen Ripleys of the eighties, the nineties werent so kind to the superwoman format- Xena Warrior Princess excepted. But its a new millennium now, and while Charlies Angels and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon are kicking up a storm on movie screens, its been down to James Cameron to bring empowered female warriors back to television screens. : And tellingly, Cameron has done it by mixing the sober feminism of his Terminator and Aliens characters with the sexed-up girl power of a Britney Spears concert. The result is Dark Angel. [14] Criticism Dr. Debbie Ging, Chair of the BA in Communications Studies in Dublin City University, was critical of the Girl power ideals, and linked it to the sexualisation of younger children, girls in particular. [15] Some question whether the concept of â€Å"girl power† is an effective media campaign to empower young women. In the last decade, it can be argued that the original girl power movement has become co-opted by the media and marketing ndustries. Amy McClure of North Carolina State University, warns against placing too much hope on girl power as an empowering concept. She says, â€Å"An ideology based on consumerism can never be a revolutionary social movement. The fact that it appears to be a revolutionary movement is a dangerous lie that not only marketers sell to us but that we often happily sell to ourselves. †[16] â€Å"Girl power† may actually limit young women’s identity development. There are numerous examples of how the media presents a narrow definition of what it means to be a girl today. A common and overused example is Mattel’s Barbie. The recent â€Å"I can be† Barbie[17] embodies this concept of â€Å"girl power†: that little girls can be anything they want when they grow up, but ultimately, it could be argued that identity options are narrowed by Barbie’s image and superficial values[18]. See also List of female action heroes Xena: Warrior Princess in popular culture Buffy studies Girl Heroes Women warriors Post-feminism References 1. ^ Rebel Girl You Are the Queen of My World: Feminism, Subculture, and Grrrl Power. 2. ^ Helen Love Gabba Gabba We Accept You 3. ^ Shampoo Interview by Free Williamsburg 4. ^ From Title IX to Riot Grrrls . ^ BBC News | Girl power | Youve come a long way baby 6. ^ Girl Power Theory. org. uk trading cards 7. ^ Girl Power: how it betrayed us 8. ^ Super Slick Power Chicks: The New Force or Elaborate Parody? 9. ^ The Third Waves Final girl: Buffy the Vampire Slayer 10. ^ Scream, Popular Culture, and Feminisms Third Wave: Im Not My Mother 11. ^ Book review 12 . ^ BBC News UK | Girl power goes mainstream 13. ^ OED:Girl power 14. ^ E y e s O n l y 15. ^ Ging, Debbie. Girl Power doesn’t empower: why it’s time for an honest debate about the sexualisation of children in Ireland July 2007. 6. ^ allacademic. com/meta/p108568_index. html 17. ^ http://icanbe. barbie. com 18. ^ http://books. google. com/books? id=Bh_Ite2-SgQCpg=PA113lpg=PA113dq=sharon+lamb+girls+identity+powersource=blots=tk4H5T_wVbsig=3kyP9E68KVLtV6r0PhdhLRDDzuEhl=enei=uoWVS_PFGOKFmQeTvfGPBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=f=false} Bibliography Buffy The Patriarchy Slayer Bibliography of scholarly articles on Buffy Studies. Early, Frances and Kathleen Kennedy, Athenas Daughters: Televisions New Women Warriors, Syracuse University Press, 2003. Gateward, Frances. Sugar, Spice, and Everything Nice. Cinemas of Girlhood. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002. Helford, Elyce Rae. Fantasy Girls  : Gender in the New Universe of Scie nce Fiction and Fantasy Television. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2000. Hopkins, Susan, Girl Heroes: the New Force in Popular Culture, Pluto Press Australia, 2002. Inness, Sherrie A. (ed. ) Action Chicks: New Images of Tough Women in Popular Culture, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. - - - . Tough Girls  : Women Warriors and Wonder Women in Popular Culture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. - - - . Nancy Drew and Company  : Culture, Gender, and Girls Series. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1997. Karlyn, Kathleen Rowe. Scream, Popular Culture, and Feminisms Third Wave: Im Not My Mother. Genders: Presenting Innovative Work in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences No. 38 (2003). Karras, Irene. The Third Waves Final Girl: Buffy the Vampire Slayer. thirdspace 1:2 (March 2002). Frustrating Female Heroism: Mixed Messages in Xena, Nikita, and Buffy. The Journal of Popular Culture, Volume 39 Issue 5 (October 2006). Tasker, Yvo nne. Action and Adventure Cinema. New York: Routledge, 2004. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Girl_poweroldid=459167185 Categories: Feminist theory Gender Third-wave feminism Cultural studies 1990s fads and trends This page was last modified on 5 November 2011 at 17:58. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization.

A List of German Riddles and Their Answers

A List of German Riddles and Their Answers Learning a new language doesnt have to be so serious. Let your laughter help you learn.   Here are eight fun German riddles to help you practice reading and speaking the language. Can you guess the answers? We will post them in a separate section below so you have the chance to guess.   Memorize your favorite riddle  for an extra challenge.   Ich hab zwei Flà ¼gel und kann nicht fliegen.Ich hab einen Rà ¼cken und kann nicht liegen.Ich hab ein Bein und kann nicht stehen.Oft trag ich Brillen und kann nicht sehen.Was  bin ich?Was ist das, das im Wasser lebtund noch am Sternenhimmel schwebt?Das im Kalender ruhig ist,sonst aber Menschen plagt und frisst?Schwarz kommt es in die Kà ¼chen,rot stehts dann auf den Tischen.Klein bin ich, groß,und deine Lebensquelle.Ich werd erobertund geraubt,und bleib dochauf derselben Stelle.Auch bin ich noch,von vielen nicht geglaubt,dein Himmel, deine Hà ¶lle.Im Drehen muss ich gehen,und niemand kann es sehen.Doch alle mà ¼ssen mit mir fortund bleiben doch an ihrem Ort.Ohne Fà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e um die WetteEil ich fort im schnellsten Lauf.Hà ¶re Tag und Nacht nicht aufUnd bin doch stets im Bette.Ich mache hart,ich mache weich,ich mache arm,ich mache reich.Kommst du zu nah,wirst du verzehrt,doch sterb ichwo man mich entbehrt.Ich bin am Berg, am Buch,bald hà ¶ckerig, bald schlicht.Ich geh euch i mmer nach,ihr aber seht mich nicht. Es ist ein Schutz, wie eine Haut,bei Birken, Linden, Eichen.Doch wenn man was bestimmtes isst,mag mans daran nicht leiden. Answers die Nasede Krebsdas Herzdie Erdeder Flussdas Feuerder Rà ¼ckendie Rinde

Legalization of Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legalization of Drugs - Essay Example However, before entering to the discussion about whether these drugs need to be legalized or not, it is necessary first to understand what drugs are. According to Gottfried, (2010), drugs are chemical components that are taken by individuals and have effect on how body works or functions. However, not all drugs are unsuitable. Medicines are legal drugs, but they help fight diseases and help the body function better. Nonetheless, some drugs are illegal. These are drugs that are addictive and have negative effects on human beings. Rationale of society and drugs The issue of legalizing drugs draws mixed reactions because different cultures have different views regarding the use and significance of these drugs. For example, some societies believe that the use of some drugs like marijuana has some spiritual significance attached to it (Gottfried, 2010). Cultures like Rasta movement popularly practiced in Jamaica believe that using marijuana is holy and has no harm using it. They believe t hat since marijuana is herb created by God and has the capability to make one feel high, should be legalized. On the other hand, some people highly believe in use of these drugs as a recommendation from traditional medicine men and women who recommend them to their patients. example, â€Å"Marijuana, is said to have important therapeutic effects and its seeds are highly nutritious† (Gottfried, 2010, 28). However, this has been met with considerable controversy. â€Å"Marijuana has been said to relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms occasioned by such illnesses as cancer and HIV/AIDS† (Aquino, 2005, 1). ... It is crucial to note that even if some researches indicate such importance of marijuana, it should be only used under directions of a qualified medical practitioner. Proponents’ of view on legalization of illegal drugs Proponents of legalization of illegal drugs argue that legalizing drugs is the only solution to win the war against these drugs. It is true that the war against illegal drugs is an expensive undertaking. According to Worth, (2010), it involves expensive training of police officers and other agents in the war against drugs. In fact, proponents argue that the government can make large sums of revenue from the sale of these drugs instead of wasting a lot of resources to fight the same business that would otherwise benefit it. They believe this is the war the government can not win because dealers of these drugs invent new strategy to evade police arrest every new day. At the same time, they claim that if these drugs are legalized, many people will make money by in volving themselves in the drug business. Charles, (2008) noted that â€Å"this goes hand in hand with the idea that drugs encourage and attract criminal activities† (43). To counteract this, the proponents of legalizing these drugs argue that people engage in criminal activities due to unemployment and idleness (Gottfried, 2010). It is surprising how they argue that drug use is a personal decision, and it involves the life of the user. They argue that those that take these drugs have personal benefits accrued from these drugs. Some cite the importance of leisure, which is obtained from these drugs, and they argue that â€Å"all people have a right to choose the kind of leisure to have from the available choices†

Software Engendering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Engendering - Assignment Example Additionally, it can be stated that the fact that this kind of a development method helps the customers to select the next set of releases by pinpointing on the most valuable features (often called stories) while analyzing them on the basis of cost factors plays a major role in reducing the time period required for development (Beck 71). The fourth characteristic of this kind of a development method is the fact that the larger project can be divided in to multiple smaller assignments and can be handled individually by the various team members in a very short time span. Another very important characteristic is the fact that this kind of a development method has an iteration step, the main goal of which is to produce the new stories that have been already tested. Types of software that can be developed by using the agile development and extreme programming method While trying to identify the software that can be developed by implementing an agile development, the focus needs to be give n on the nature of operations that are associated with this development method. It has to be mentioned that this kind of a development requires continuous engagement as well as participation of the client (Fowler, â€Å"Is Design Dead†). ... The continuous interaction of the client with the developers as well as the need to develop the projects in a very short time span will greatly help in implementing and following this kind of a development method. Apart from outsourced projects, this kind of extreme programming as well as agile development method can be followed in-house project developments for SME organizations where the requirements are not properly defined (Beck, 1999, p. 77). Comparing agile development method with Waterfall model It needs to be highlighted that the waterfall model comprises four different and very important steps like analysis, design, implementation as well as test. The waterfall model requires a proper planning of the entire processes. Each of the four important stages of the waterfall model is very time consuming in nature. It also needs to be stated that since the entire process is very stringent in nature, the ability to make any incremental changes in the development process of the softwa re is very low. The long development cycles of the waterfall model makes it very y harmful for the entire developing team as it unnecessarily blocks the required amount of resources. In comparing the waterfall model with that of the agile development method, it can be stated that the agile development method is highly flexible in nature. Also, the entire development time can be reduced in a great manner under the agile development model. Comparing agile development method with Iterative model In elaborating about the iterative model, it can be stated that the model follows similar stages as compared to that of the waterfall model. However, the time consumption in the process of project development is relatively shorter as

Answer the question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Answer the question - Essay Example This might lead to a loss for the firm (Ederington, 1979). In the following table, the expected values are calculated if the dollar values weaken. As per the calculations shown above, it can be seen that when the value of dollars weaken, the expected returns are lower. As a result the firm ends up obtaining lower return in Sterling. Hence it can be seen that the returns available in each of month of March, June and September would be low considering the futures market prices in each of these months. In order to prevent such a situation it is essential that the company undertakes hedging strategy (Stulz, 1984). Under the hedging technique, it becomes possible to conduct the sales at the current spot price, even at the future date. As a result loss due to weakening of dollar values can be prevented. In the above table it can be seen that if the firm sells at the spot price, set as per hedging, the expected realisable values are higher than the expected realisable values as per future rates. Hence hedging can be stated to be a suitable strategy when the dollar values actually weaken (Nance, Smith and Smithson, 1993). Hedging is essentially not required. If the dollar values become stronger, that is when lower proportion of dollars are required to be paid against each dollars. In the above table it can be seen that when the firm future market prices are lower than the spot prices, the expected values are higher (Allayannis and Ofek, 2001). As a result the firm earns a profit without undertaking the hedging technique. Therefore the hedging technique must not be undertaken when the future values of contracts are expected to be lower than the spot exchange rates. Hence it is important to understand what the future contract prices would be in comparison with the sport prices and accordingly determine whether to undertaken hedging techniques or not. When the

Globalization in the 1970s Essay Example for Free

Globalization in the 1970s Essay Globalization is not a new concept as there have been numerous cycles of globalization stretching as far back as the ancient civilizations. The wave of globalization prior to the oil embargo was after the Second World War. Although this period was marked with rapid economic growth, it came to an end in 1973 after the Arab oil embargo that resulted in a rise in oil prices. Financial globalization particularly can be termed as the integration of country’s local financial system with international financial institutions and markets. The main agents of financial globalization are the governments and hence they need to liberalize any restrictions on their domestic financial sector and capital account of the balance of payments if any form of integration is to take place (Schmulker, 2004:5). Dammasch (2010: 4) asserts that the economic environment in times of globalization changes rapidly with capital movements becoming larger and less controllable. Therefore there is usually a need to create a stabilizing system. The situation after the Second World War which was marked by falling credit institutions, mass unemployment, hyperinflation and bankruptcy of enterprises brought about such a necessity. The Bretton Wood system thereby came into creation. Bretton Woods’s agreement of 1944 was part of the decision by the industrialized countries to restructure themselves after the Second World War and the difficulties encountered especially after the First World War for the purpose of financial globalization. There was a great need for these nations to come up with workable rules and regulations which would direct them in the formulation of national policies that would facilitate the pursuit of common economic objectives (Kenen, 1994:11). The necessity and urgency of this legal structure was collectively agreed upon and accepted as it was viewed as a way of avoiding the negative effects that had marred the inter-war period (King, 2003:30). The Bretton woods years that spanned from 1946-1971 are seen in retrospect as a golden age of capitalism with exchange rate stability and rapid economic growth (King, 2003:30). This is because the system ensured that value of price increases was just and that the exchange rates remained fixed for unlimited periods in all key industrialized countries. Moreover, the national income in the G7 countries rose more rapidly than in any other comparable period. The system ensured long-run price stability for the whole world because the fixed price of gold provided an ostensible anchor to the world’s money supply. Therefore by pegging their currencies to gold, individual nations fixed their prices levels to that of the world (Bordor et al, 1993:1). King, 2003:30 emphasizes that the Bretton Woods system had two main characteristics which were: the existence of a set of rules that consisted of fixed rates of exchange, capital controls and independent policies of domestic macroeconomics on one hand and US domination on the other hand. Capital control as was stipulated in the Bretton Woods system was officially authorized and every government was highly encouraged and had the right and obligation to control its movement of capital. Capital control is the ability of the government to control the in and out flow of capital to and from their country. This meant that bank discount rates were not necessary when the central bank wanted to attract capital inflows or avoid flight of capital. As a consequence, the bank rate is maintained as low as possible (King, 2003:31). However, a country’s domestic economy can be adversely affected through inflation by in and out rapid flow of capital together with fixed rates of exchange. Capital controls essentially prevent rapid outflow of capital and can equip governments with the ‘tools’ to prevent economic crisis in the future. In this system capital control played a significant role whereby it effectively regulated the fixed exchange rate system that had been agreed upon by members during the Bretton Woods agreement. Whenever exchange rates required adjustments capital control was an integral component of the adjustment mechanism. These controls were fundamental to the reconstruction and growth of the international trading system that had been devastated by global depression, the two world wars and hyperinflation. This meant that capital flow was highly restricted with countries prohibiting convertibility. In capital control, currency non-convertibility was the most restrictive form of control. The government was the only one permitted to have the exclusive authority to hold foreign currency and to also to give it out to importers that had been approved by the government. Countries that fixed their exchange rates at levels that were unacceptable could therefore be monitored through this system (Eicher et al, 2009:470). Kitschel (1999, p. 38) further expounds that the capital controls were viewed as instruments of exchange rate stabilization and also as means of securing full employment and other national economic priorities. Additionally the system condoned the controls not only for short term management of balance-of –payment crises but also for the purpose of domestic economic management. The limited capital-account convertibility was the most common form of restriction. It enabled the system to place limits and know who had the right and accessibility to foreign exchange rates. Moreover, qualitative restrictions were also put in place which urged for the limitations on the external asset and liability position of domestic financial institutions. The controls were also placed on foreign banks domestic operations as well as on resident firms’ and on individuals’ direct savings, collection of foreign possessions and real estate property. Dual or multiple exchange rate system was another form of capital control that involved discrete rates for either commercial or financial transactions (Kitschel, 1999:39). Therefore the system allowed members to regulate international capital movements as long as they did not restrict payment for current external transactions. Although currencies would be freely convertible into one another after a transaction period, members were allowed to place capital controls on currency transactions if such capital flows threatened to overwhelm the nation’s balance on payment or exchange rate stability (McNamara, 2003:75). Forces challenging the system Although the Bretton Woods system was important to the economic prosperity after the Second World War, it nevertheless failed to support the equally rapid growth in the advanced countries over the next 25 years. One of the reasons according to Kenen (1994, p. 7) is the fact that the permanence and malleability of the system was slowly being destabilized by the postwar system. There were two vital roles of the Bretton Woods system. The first goal was geared towards producing exchange rates that were stable through the use of capital control and the second goal was meant to shield member nations from the shifting demands brought about by the flow of gold. Nonetheless, these goals highly contradicted each other because the system could not guarantee that global prices would remain stable as it lacked an effective technique. Additionally, the founders of the Bretton Woods system explicitly designed the system in an effort to disentangle international monetary relations from power politics. Nonetheless postwar monetary relations were highly politicized and required constant political interventions to keep the system functioning smoothly. Another flaw of the Bretton Woods design was that it lacked an effective, automatic mechanism to adjust and settle payment imbalances that inevitably arose between surplus and deficit countries. Under this system, a country that had a payment deficit most probably lost its gold which decreased the domestic monetary base and resulted in a decline in the currency’s purchasing power. Inevitably, the country’s imports would fall, exports would rise and the payment would eventually balance. However, the loss of gold and the decrease in money supply also meant that there would be a fall in the cumulative domestic demand, which meant deflation or even the possibility of depression. These structural problems assured that chronic balance of payments would mushroom into full-scale political problems, both domestically and between nations (Gavin,:6). Originally, the Bretton Woods system was designed to produce stable exchange rates while at the same time shielding national economies from demand shifts produced by the flow of gold (Gavin,:6). The founders wanted to set monetary arrangements that could combine the advantage of classic gold standard i. e. the exchange rate stability with the advantage of floating rates i. e. the independence to pursue national full employment policies. They mainly sought to avoid the defects of floating rates (destabilizing speculation and competitive beggar-than-thou-neighour policies). The disadvantage of fixed rates is that individual nations were exposed to both monetary and real shocks transmitted from the rest of the world via the balance of payment and other channels of transmission. The common world price level under the gold standard exhibited secular periods of deflation and inflation which reflected shocks to the demand for and supply of gold (Bordo et al, 1993:1). Countries like Germany and Japan were reluctant to import foreign inflation and this could have attributed to the eventual collapse of the system. In the long run this broke the credibility of the fixed exchange rate commitment among countries and the willingness of the central bank of several countries to cooperate in order to maintain the fixed parities. In other words the system failed because the commitment by the US of fixed equality was not reliable due to the inflation that was accelerating (King, 2003:33). The collapse of the Bretton Woods system is also related to the increasing speculative capital flows. With time as the dollar continued to decline, the US economy was unable to assure other countries that the dollar could be converted to gold at the fixed parity. In this view, the collapse of the system was related to the escalating in and out movements of capital and the lack of capacity of the dominant country, the US to control them (King, 2003:32). In conclusion the end of the Bretton Woods period can be said to have come when President Richard Nixon finally suspended the official conversion of the dollar into gold at $35 an ounce, shut down the gold window and cut the exchange rate system loose. Importance of the Euromarkets The growth of the Euromarkets has been directly linked to the expansion of the US multinational firms, and the consequent expansion of US banking abroad. This growth of the market and its development coincided with the increasing pressure of the US economy and the recoveries witnessed in the capitalist economy. The Eurodollar market therefore took over aspects of a developed domestic credit system since it was operating globally and independently from the central banks. Therefore, Britain which was a low-productivity and low-wage country became the center of global finance due to the contribution of the Eurodollar market. London developed as a center of global circulation of capital and hence became the world’s leading Eurodollar market. The regulation of the currency which allowed the partial and finally the full convertibility of the pound for those who were neither residents of the dollar or the sterling are some of the factors that brought about the growth and development of the Eurodollar market (Patel, 2007:1). This market was deemed important as it helped in redistributing surplus liquidity, in facilitating adjustments of internal liquidity in countries whose monetary systems rely on the import and export of short term funds through banks as a major monetary regulator. The Eurodollar market also helped to maintain world business activity at a high level by the availability of short term working funds. The Nixon Shock The Nixon Shock is termed as a series of economic measures that were taken by the then US president Richard Nixon in 1971. This decision was reached upon by various events which included: the Vietnam War that had become too costly and had drained the gold reserves of US, the increased domestic spending that accelerated inflation, the balance of payment deficit by US and trade deficit (Engdahl, 2003:1). Additionally, the US dollar foreign arbitrage had also caused the governments gold coverage of the paper dollar to decline by 33 points from 55% to 22%. Therefore in 1971, President Nixon imposed tariffs on all imports of 10 per cent to help reduce the trade deficit though it was removed in December the same year. At the same time, a freeze was put on wages and prices for a period of 90 days in a bid to lower inflation with the Federal Reserve Swap ending its support for other central banks. The convertibility of the dollar into gold was also ended and a limitation on gold transactions was put implying a decrease in the value of the dollar. This announced detached the US from the Bretton Woods system which collapsed from operation. After the gold convertibility of the dollar was suspended and flexible exchange rates emerged (James, 2010:1). After the Nixon shock, the US realized that it could exert more global influence through US treasury debt than from trade surpluses. In the 1970s oil was the only key commodity traded in dollars. This was due to the fact that the dollar was the only currency with the highest purchasing power and the only one that was backed by gold (Dammasch, 2010:6). As a result the US realized that the other nations would continue to demand for dollars for them to buy oil which was by now inflated in price. Thereafter, US trade partners had so many dollars in their reserves that they feared to create a dollar crisis. Instead they inflated and eventually weakened their own economies to support the dollar system as they feared a global collapse. Therefore when the price of oil increased in 1973 the dollar surprisingly continued to gain despite countries like Japan, Germany and the rest of the world suffering from severe economic destruction (Engdahl, 2003:1). Nonetheless, these measures did not help to restore or even quicken the economic growth rates of US or even correct the surplus reserves of dollars in Japan and Germany. From there henceforth, all the currencies of the Western nations began to ‘float’. There were no longer set exchange rates in the international market since the common link that was there before i. e. the Bretton Woods System, no longer existed. Ultimately, by the end of 1974, the price of gold had risen to $195 from $35 per troy ounce. As a result, due to unrestrained inflation there was a155% increase in the price of gold in a period of three years (James, 2010:1). Yom Kippur War The Yom Kippur War named after the Jewish holiest holiday, Yom Kippur began on October 1973 when Syrian and Egyptian forces backed by Soviet Forces launched attacks on Israel forces in the Golan Heights and Sinai in an attempt to recapture the land occupied by Israelites. However, despite the surprise attack on Israel, they emerged victorious due to the immense backing from US who provided them with weapons and intelligence. Therefore in a bid to punish the Western world for their aid to Israel, the Arab nations placed the oil embargo. This was initially political tactic meant to pressure the US into requesting Israel to withdraw from the Arab territories. However, with time the Arabs used it as an economic tactic when they realized the amount of power they had over the world through oil. The prices of oil thereafter quadrupled and continued to be a threat not only to America’s economy but also to the whole world. After the Yom Kippur war the OPEC member states struck back against the West for their support of Israel by imposing an oil embargo which increased oil prices by 70%. Lending by Private Banks to Developing Nations The origin of the debt crisis in the Third World countries has been attributed to the expansion of banking society in the US at an international level together with the rapid economic growth in the world. Before the oil price crisis of 1973-74 began, the real domestic product growth rate of developing countries averaged 6% annually. However, though the rate of growth had slowed down for the reminder of the 1970s it averaged 4-5%. This growth nonetheless generated new interests by the US corporate investment and similarly by other international banks. This multinationalism in providing financial services contributed to the emergence of the Eurodollar market which gave the US banks access to funds that they could undertake Third World Loans on a large scale. Additionally, the sharp rise in crude oil accelerated the expansion in lending (LCD debt crisis, 2010:192). The oil-exporting countries in the Arab world deposited their profits made during the oil crisis in banks in the European and US banks. This further fueled the lending boom. Since the banks had now been provided with more funds they became eager to make profits and hence invested it in developing nations by financing new development projects. The abrupt increase in oil prices brought about instant inflation into the prices of all other commodities. Moreover, the developing countries which had been crippled by these high oil prices saw this as an opportunity to borrow cheap money from the international banks so that they could offset the huge deficits ((LCD debt crisis, 2010:192; Schmulker, 2004:2). These funds that were known as petrodollars and had been recycled back to developing nations therefore generated inflationary pressures around the industrial world and created the debt crisis in developing nations (Cypher and Dietz, 2008:204). US High Interest Rates The developing nations during the 1970s were given loans at very low interest rates. However, this situation changed when the US in the early 1980s pushed up the interest rates of loans in an endeavor to stop inflation. This meant that the loans that had been lent out to Third World nations by US or other lending banks in Europe had to paid back with huge interests rates. Hence, by the 1980s the economy of Third World nations had began to stagnate and many nations were on the verge of bankruptcy due to the combination of mounting debts and low economic growth rates. The total debt had amounted to $567 billion and the high interest rates forced them to take out new loans which increased the burden (Jauch, 2009:1). This dismal situation was further compounded by the oil shock of 1973 and 1979. This decision by OPEC crippled the economies of many Third World nations with the cost of imported energy rising. Therefore, the culminative result of this crisis saw many developing nations especially those in Latin America unable to pay their debts during this period. IMF Structural Adjustment Programmes When it became evident that these nations would be unable to service their loans, the IMF came up with conditions which were dubbed Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) to solve the debt crisis among developing countries (Shimko, 2009:168). The SAP was proposed by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund which were formed during the Bretton Woods period. These programmes imposed various conditions for countries especially developing ones that intended to borrow more loans (Jauch, 2009:1). IMF claimed that these reforms were necessary for promoting the economic growth needed to pay back the loans. The IMF required reforms to be carried out in the respective countries before aid could be provided. For example, Mexico whose debt burden grew faster than its own economy was loaned money by IMF to prevent a default. However, Mexico had to certain economic reforms before the loan could be dispatched. Although the conditions imposed on the developing nations differed, the same basic conditions were expected of all the nations (Shimko, 2009:168). The various key reforms according to Shimko 2009:169 included: †¢ Balancing of government budgets: this entailed either increasing the revenue for the government (providing new fees for government services) or drastically reducing the government spending. †¢ Reducing quotas, tariffs and other import barriers: this was aimed at subjecting the domestic industries to international competition. †¢ Liberalization of the capital market: this basically meant reducing the restrictions on foreign investment. †¢ Reducing government subsidies to domestic industries: these subsidies are those that had been part of import substitution strategies. †¢ Privatizing or selling the government-owned industries to the private sector. Nonetheless, these conditions did not alleviate the dire economic nor bring any economic development but rather the conditions intensified the existing situation. Although IMF studies claimed that the growth rates in countries under this programme increased from -15% in the 1980s to only 0. 3% in the early 1990s and 1% by mid-1990s, the World bank declared that there was no evidence whatsoever to account for any economic growth (Shimko, 2009:178). Additionally, lack of government subsidies or protection from foreign competition forced domestic industries to reduce their costs by lowering wages or by laying off workers. Therefore the liberalization of trade and the opening up of economies to unrestricted foreign investment had a deleterious impact on the poor nations and people (Shimko, 2009:177). Effects of the High Oil Prices in the 1970s As a result of the Bretton Woods system and the oil shock, a new wave of globalization began. Recession was prevalent with unemployment peaking at 9. 1% industrial production went down by 15% and high inflation in all areas. Additionally, when the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates collapsed, countries were now opened up to greater capital mobility and they also retained the autonomy of their monetary policies. The Brandy Bonds came into existence when Mexico’s Minister of Finance announced that the country would be forced to default on its debt. The default on loans worsened as more banks in developing nations informed the IMF and Chairman of the Federal Reserve of their inability to service their debts in time (LDC debt crisis, 2010:191). The Brandy Bonds in a bid to resolve the debt crisis of the 1980 not only led to the subsequent development of the bonds market but also brought about a new phenomenon especially for emerging economies. Moreover, technological advancement, privatization and deregulation (which resulted in the corporate culture with national interests of decreasing consideration in business decisions) made foreign direct investment and equity investment in the emerging markets even more attractive for households and firms in the developed nations (Schmulker, 2004:2). Overall, there was a severe recession which hit the hardest the Western world. In Wall Street, oil stocks performed well due to the price increase as the profits soared as the rest of the market buckled under the low prices. Before the oil embargo was imposed by OPEC members, the price of crude oil was mainly determined by major oil companies in the West which retained 65% of the revenue of the oil. This type of arrangement was referred to as oligopolistic market arrangement. This meant that oil prices that had been posted in the market were established with the taxes and royalties paid to the exporting governments on the basis of this price. However following the embargo, property rights were transferred to the host countries from the major companies that had operated the industry and hence the cartel was able to take over the functions of the companies and retain more of the revenue generated Thereafter, the determination of crude oil price was passed into the hands of OPEC which set an official selling price for the best known among its crude. At the same time individual members were given the opportunity to adjust their selling prices in relation to this market according to the quality of the oil being produced (Trumbore, 2010:1). The continued high oil prices encouraged the exploration and subsequently the production of oil in high-cost oil regions such as Canada, Mexico, and North Sea. During the 1970, the increased demand of fossil fuels and increased prices for the product greatly reduced globalization. As the nations became more advanced, the rate of globalization declined. Although globalization grew for a while after the embargo, the rate of growth began to decline as the oil prices decreased (Okogu, 2003:1). The oil embargo impacted severely on the economy of Japan resulting in energy price inflation since by this time it was the only developed nation that relied heavily on oil with very few hydrocarbon reserves or any other alternatives. Japan was therefore forced to reconsider its industrial model. The oil shocks catalyzed the rapid turnaround which enabled Japan to become the leading energy efficiency country. The petroleum Supply and Demand Optimization Law was aimed at setting oil targets and restricting oil use. Japan’s vision after the oil embargo was to reduce its dependence of oil from the Middle East, therefore it started to charge import taxes on all petroleum products especially those that were used to generate power. Japan therefore became a pioneer in liquefied natural gas which today accounts for half of the worlds market. During this period, Japanese car brands like Toyota and Honda which had previously sold poorly enjoyed enormous success in the US market. Americans who had traditionally been fond of big cars were now confronted with a new challenge that included higher oil prices accompanied by long queues at the gas stations and rationing of gasoline. They therefore began to demand more of the Japanese brands for their small size and fuel-efficiency (Stewart and Wilczewski, 2009:1). Conclusion Even today, the Dollar System is still the real source of global inflation since t is the only global reserve currency as it has been witnessed worldwide since the 1971. Other countries in the world have to ensure that the reserves of their central banks are in dollars if they are to trade in the international market. This helps to guarantee against currency crisis, to back their export trade and to finance the importation of oil. Today, 67% of all central bank reserves are dollars (Engdahl, 2003:1). The debt crisis in the 1970s created by various variables including the oil embargo, the unprecedented borrowing and poor economic planning crippled the economy of many developing nations in Africa and Latin America. Despite efforts by the World Bank and IMF to offset these payment balances, the situation remained virtually unchanged. Ironically, other countries like Japan and US though they were affected by the rise in oil prices, were able to rise above the situation through oil exploration in their own countries which reduced their reliance on the imported oil from Middle East. Therefore, though the oil embargo did touch the economies of all the different nations, the degree and intensity was not the same. While other countries were completely devastated e. g. Third World nations others in the West found ways of reviving and even propelling their economies to greater heights. References Bordo, M, Eichengreen, B and National Bureau of Economic Research (1993). Bretton Woods System: A Retrospect. London. University of Chicago Press. Dammasch, S. (2010). The Bretton Woods System. [Online:] Available from http://www. ww. uni-magdeburg. de/fwwdeka/student/arbeiten/006. pdf Dietz, J and Cypher, J. (2008). Economic Development Process. New York. Taylor Francis. Eicher, T, Mutti, J and Turnovsky, M. (2009). International Economics. Taylor Francis. Engdahl, W. (2003). The Dollar System US Economic Reality. [Online:] Available from http://www. engdahl. oilgeopolitics. net/1973_Oil_Shock/Dollar_System/dollar_system. html Garber, P, Dooley, M and Folkerts-Landau, D. (2005). International Financial Stability. [Online:] Available from http://people. ucsc. edu/~mpd/InternationalFinancialStability_update. pdf Gavin, F. The Cold War Gold Battles. American Monetary Policy the Defense of Europe, 1960-1963. [Online:] Available from http://www. utexas. edu/lbj/faculty/gavin/articles/gold_battles. pdf Jauch, H. (2009). How Africa was destroyed by the World Bank, IMF- Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP). [Online]: Available from http://www. newsrescue. com/2009/05/how-the-imf-world-bank-and-structural-adjustment-programsap-destroyed-africa/ Kenen, P. (1994). Managing World Economy. Washington. Institute for international Economics. King, E, J. (2003). The Elgar Companion Economics. Cheltenham. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Kitschelt, H. (1999). Continuing Change in Contemporary Capitalism. Cambridge. Cambridge University. Okogu, B. (2003). Changing Oil Market in North Africa Middle East. [online:] Available from http://www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/med/2003/eng/okogu/okogu. htm Patel, H. (2007). The Eurodollar Market Contribution to the Modern Financial World. Online: Available from. http://www. pharmasuppliers. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=14catid=13Itemid=20