Air Pollution During The Industrial Revolution - 1580 Words

AIR POLLUTION 1. Introduction 1.1. Air Pollution Air pollution has been a major problem throughout world for the past 5 decades i.e. a few years after the industrial revolution. There are two types of air pollutions a) Natural and b) Anthropogenic, of which the natural causes (volcanoes, forest fires and tornadoes) are not in the control of man (Mosley 2010). Anthropogenic air pollution on the hand is a type of anomaly in the atmosphere where foreign objects are released into the air entirely by man and his activities (Industries, transport) and are controllable. 1.2. Industrial Revolution in Developed Countries Until the industrial revolution air pollution occurred only through natural causes and were of no great concern. However, industrial revolution which has made human power to dominate over the planet, has actually led man to dig his own grave. The western world has had as many as four industrial revolutions since 18th century also termed as â€Å"The Age of Smoke† (Kasa 2009). In the beginning the coal smoke was confined to a particular area but the concentrations of emissions increased as people began to migrate towards cities (Douglas et al. 2002). This led to continuous worsening of air quality and slow in decline public health conditions, but evidently, not enough to attract the attention of the lawmakers (Borja-aburto et al. 1996). Figure 1: Photochemical smogs in London (in 1952, (University of Edinburgh n.d.) and New Delhi (in 2015, Burke 2015a). 2. AirShow MoreRelatedThe Biological Old Regime Occurred Between The 15th And 18th Centuries1497 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological old regime occurred between the 15th and 18th centuries. During this time, everything was completed by hand. Growing food and making clothes could not be processed with a machine. Available sources depended highly on the climate. For example, climate determined how many people could be supported by agriculture. A shift in society occurred during the 19th century. This marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Although things became easier, it also negatively affected the ecosystemRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1094 Words   |  5 Pages The Industrial Revolution began in England during the 1700s and spread across Europe then North America, and eventually the world. This revolution assisted life but also made life more difficult as well. Gender roles were changed, products were made more efficiently and many jobs were created. This also meant that people lived in cramped houses, air pollution levels were high and people died of or suffered illnesses from working in factories. This essay will be discussing whether the IndustrialRead MoreAssignment 3: Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution895 Words   |  4 PagesModule 1 Assignment 3 SCI201 Ecology and Environmental Sustainability Argosy University The Industrial Revolution, which took place in the 18th to the 19th centuries, was an era during which essentially uncultivated, rural societies in America and other countries became industrial and urban. Before the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain during the late 1700s, construction was mostly done by using hand tools or basic machines. Mechanization marked a shifted to powered, special-purposeRead MoreThe Era Of Industrial Revolution1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way of living is the era of Industrial Revolution. The period of the Industrial revolution began in the early 1700s and ended in the late 1800s. During the century, the Industrial revolution engendered both positive and negative changes to the human society. Some of the cons include the rapid increase in human population, as at the beginning of Industrial revolution, population grew by 57 percent. In addition, growth of factories and industries ensued pollution and brought new division among socialRead MoreViv ian Wang. Dr. Esson. European History . January 27,1283 Words   |  6 Pages2017 Early Stages of The Industrial Revolution In Britain: How Factories That Burned Coal Created Air Pollution In the long process of human history, with the occurrence of the industrial revolution, Britain was the first country to go through industrialisation. People give high marks on this industrial revolution, considering that it marks the beginning of a new era in human history; has passed the previous agricultural economy and has lead the human has into the industrial age. Today, however, whenRead MoreEssay On Environmental Pollution706 Words   |  3 PagesThe environmental pollution history is as old as life itself. At life’s beginning on Earth, man discovered the use of fire and burnt food for cooking food with the emitted smoke from it being the earliest environmental pollutants of this world. First forward to the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century and that was when the Earth experienced the highest rates of environmental pollution. After the machine invention from printing press and later motor vehicles, the pollution menace started envelopingRead MoreThe Effect of the Industrial Revolution on Pollution Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth and the eighteenth centuries brought about much of the base of today’s pollutants. A series of technological advances in machinery, such as the steam engine, along with a preponderance of other goods shifting from homes and small factories to large industrial settings brought about more and more pollution. The creation of more productive processing used to manufacture cotton textiles increased the number of mills located in England and eventually movedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution and Society681 Words   |  3 PagesIndustrial Revolution While some might argue that Industrialization had primarily positive consequences for society because there were tons of jobs available, it was actually a negative thing for society. Industrialization’s negative effects were horrible working conditions, overpopulated cities, and factories where polluting the air. Even if there were a couple positive things that happened it was still a negative effect overall. People working during this time period had it rough. They had toRead MoreIn America, Air Pollution Was An Insidious Problem That1486 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica, air pollution was an insidious problem that became so great that the government had to step in and create laws in order to regulate human activity involving pollutants. Humans generate air pollution through the combustion of fossil fuels and wood, driving a motorized vehicle, and industrial processes, such as the smelting of heavy metals. Most air pollution exists in urban areas where heavy industries prevail. The Industrial Revolution in the late twentieth century caused air pollution to greatlyRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Industrial Revolution923 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Agricultural Revolution gave leeway to the Industrial Revolution of the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds. Previous landowners and investors of the Agricultural Revolution were able to start or participate Corporations and Businesses to seek g reat profit. New machinery and technological innovations were frequent due to the demand for faster, more efficient technology. Working class families, who were arguably the sole reason for the grand success of the Industrial Revolution, moved from their

Division of Fractions with Mixed Number Workheets

Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church - 931 Words

Megan McCullough Briejer English 101 15 April 2013 Emily Dickinson â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath Going To Church† In the poem â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church,† Emily Dickinson expresses the feeling that everybody practices their faith and religion in a different way. The narrator of this poem portrays the idea of self practice. Being able to completely understand and interpret the meaning of this piece of poetry was not a short and simple process. When first reading â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church† I was a little confused and unaware of what was happening in the reading. However, in the end I came to realize the poem had a much bigger meaning than just a person sitting in their backyard with the birds. To begin, my first†¦show more content†¦The narrator believes you do not have to attend church to be spiritual and that common practice can be done in a peaceful place such as the orchard in her yard. The last two lines of the poem state, â€Å"So instead of getting to Heaven, a t last- / I’m going, all along† (Dickinson 639). I interpreted this as the long journey to heaven has become a huge part of her life. It is not just a look into the future, but a continuous look in the present. The symbols Dickinson uses in this poem are by far the highlight of this short piece of poetry. In the first stanza, a bobolink and orchard are used to replace things that modern churches value as sacred and holy. Those natural occurrences are used by Dickinson to show her love for nature. More examples of this are shown in the second stanza. The narrator uses her own â€Å"sexton† to call her holly time instead of a brass bell to call church service. This is important to analyze as yet another natural occurrence that highly defines the authors writing style. All in all, Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church† was a bit confusing the first few times it was read. It took many times interpreting it and going through line by line to fully understand it. After researching the time period, finding definitions for unknown words, and reading and rereading the poem many times I came up with a solid understanding of this piece ofShow MoreRelatedSabbath Roots the African Connection1039 Words   |  5 PagesSabbath Roots. By Charles E Bradford. (Barre: Ministerial Association of the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1990. Pp. 234. Acknowledgements, foreword, introduction, overview, works cited. $14.95 paper) The purpose of the book â€Å"Sabbath Roots† is to show the tracings that led back to the seventh day being the sacred and holy day of rest in Africa. The book also dwells on the fact that Africa was an initial place of where Sabbath was founded. This book displays about many countriesRead MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Judaism1160 Words   |  5 Pagesreligions. Some notable differences are the days of worship, the languages it was written in, and the perspective of Jesus. But what lies in the middle are the places of worship - sharing some similarities yet having differences. Some similarities include the goal of the place of worship, and the direction of prayer. On the other hand, there are more differences than similarities. These include the trinity, the perspective on Jesus, the confessing of sins, rites and practices. We are going to exploreRead MoreEssay on Understanding 7th Day Adventist1142 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Sabbath which is on Saturday the seventh day of the Judeo Christian week. They also believe in the second coming of Jesus. Adventist is the 8th largest Christian body which was developed by Ellen G White whose writings is held highly in what they believe, in the 9th century during the Millerite movement. Some of the theology goes along with the evangelic beliefs of the Trinity and ineffability of scripture, believing that the bible is free of errors on issues of faith and practice. Some of theRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Poems On Death, Religion, And Love1119 Words   |  5 Pagesturned to death. Poems like 280, â€Å"I felt a Funeral, in my Brain† (87) illustrate a clear insight into how she was affected by the frequent presence of death. In the poem, Dickinson describes a funeral service that she observes. â€Å"And Mourners to and fro/ Keep treading – treading – till it seemed/ That Sense was breaking through†(87). For the mourners, it can be difficult to accept the death of a loved one. People are moving from person to person, trying to make sense of the tragedy that has occurred. DickinsonRead MoreEmily Dickinson s Writin g Style1191 Words   |  5 Pageswas affected by death. In that poem, Emily Dickinson wrote about a funeral service that she must have witnessed. â€Å"And Mourners to and fro/ Keep treading – treading – till it seemed/ That Sense was breaking through†(87). Funerals can be very hard to digest for the people attending. From the few funerals I have attended, people are constantly moving around, going from person to person, trying to make sense of the tragedy that has occurred. Emily Dickinson describes mourners ‘treading’ around, comingRead MoreEssay about Emily Dickinsons God3044 Words   |  13 Pagesseen in more than a church or a cathedral. God is seen in her poems in relationship to such themes as nature and the individual existence. These thematic ties are seen in such poems as It might be lonelier, and Some keep the Sabbath going to church. Some keep the Sabbath going to Church consists of the differences that exist between Dickinsons way of being close to God and many other peoples ways of being close to God. While some may go to church every SundayRead MoreThe Old Testament1240 Words   |  5 Pagestook the Mosaic divorce law and the law regarding the Sabbath. Jesus was tested by the Pharisees and he won every time. He knew how to answer, many times in the form of a question, parable or story; he always had a response. I believe that the strict view of inerrancy is the truth. The Bible should be taken literally. Because God is omnipresent and omniscient, he know the future and spoke through the Old Testament writers. He knew that the Sabbath needed to be kept holy and that it would benefit theRead MoreAn Interview for Emily Dickinson Essay814 Words   |  4 Pagesis was like. Emily: I have an older brother, William, and a younger sister, Lavinia. I have always been really close with my sister. When I was 9 years old my father got a new job so we moved out of my grandparents house and bought one of our own. Some of my hobbies were baking, gardening, learning to sing and play the piano and reading books. Interviewer: You briefly mentioned your father in there, would you like to elaborate on what your parents were like? Emily: My father’s name was EdwardRead MoreSabbath Essay : Sabbath Keeping3184 Words   |  13 PagesSabbath Keeping In the debate on which day is the True Sabbath, Sunday or Saturdays many Theologians has drawn their conclusions on their person views, but let’s take a look at Gods view. Sense the moment I started my journey to heaven, the Sabbath kept finding a way to have concern with me. It was like I was unconsciously felt there was something missing on this matter, something conflicting. But I carried on in life, nourishing myself that Romans 14:1-6, Galatians 4:8-10 and Colossians 2:16-22Read More Billy Collins Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesalludes certain lines to Dickinson’s existing work: â€Å"it was terribly quiet in Amherst/ that Sabbath afternoon,/ nothing but a carriage passing the house† reminded me of her poem, â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to the Church† in which states â€Å"Some keep the Sabbath going to the Church —/ I keep it, staying at Home —† (35-36). Both the poems talks about how Dickinson stays at home while people ar e gone for the church on Sundays. The poem also alludes to her life regarding the religion, town and home she was

Influence of Employee Rewards System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Employee Rewards System. Answer: Introduction Change of jobs is seen all over the globe including from organizations to organizations or one states job to another states job (Dane Brummel, 2014). The factors that could be having effects on such job change for employees making some organizations to loss some of their competent and useful manpower to their competing organizations. Even though other manpower are employed to replace the others, they can maybe get other competent replacement or incompetent if unlucky in the job turnover (Co?ar, A. K., Guner, N., Tybout, J, 2016). Conducting this research study will help to reduce the job turnover that is seen rampant in the UAE based organizations. The major aim of research was to examine the antecedents of job turnover in a UAE based organization. This research will help in explicating the link between the management support, compensation and benefits, organization stability, the environment of work and the way the people engage towards the job turnover. On the same, the roles played by job satisfaction in mediating the relationships will as well be elucidated and exhausted to bring to light factors that could be leading to job turnover in the UAE based organizations. This study was important that it was to help to identify some of the antecedents that led to job turnover in organizations operating in the UAE. This was also intended to make the organizations to understand the causes of jobs turnover in order for them to retain and improve their performance (Kwenin, D. O., Muathe, S., Nzulwa, R, 2013). Among other factors that led to job turnover is voluntary where worker voluntarily feel that they should change from one job to another for the reasons best known to them even if organizations they are landing thereafter offer the same salary and position (Peltokorpi, V., Allen, D. G., Froese, F, 2015). The main research objective was to assess the relationship of the management support, compensation and benefits, organization ability, work environment and individual engagement towards job satisfaction role in mediation process and job turnover. The other objectives are; To investigate the impact of management support towards satisfaction derived from job To investigate the association between compensation and remunerations towards satisfaction derived from job To inspect the connection existing between individual engagement and satisfaction derived from job To assess how lack of organization stability lead to satisfaction of job To inspect influence of work environment towards satisfaction derived from job To investigate whether job satisfaction has impact on job turnover To determine the power of mediating effect on satisfaction of a job towards management support compensation relationship and benefits, organization stability, work environment, individual engagement and job turnover. Statement of problems This research was set to find out the antecedents of job turnover in the UAE based organizations thus reducing the rates of job turnover. Addressing the above stated statement problem will help to reduce the rate of job turnover among workers in organizations thus maintaining their competent workers for better performance. Research questions What is the impact of management support towards job satisfaction? How is compensation and benefits associated with job satisfaction? How does lacking organization stability lead to satisfaction of a job? What is the existing connection between individual engagement and the satisfaction of a job? What are some influence of work environment towards job satisfaction? How does job satisfaction have impact on job turnover? What is the effect of mediation of satisfaction of a job towards linkage of management support, compensation and benefits, organization stability, work environment, individual engagement and job turnover? H0: There exists no impact of support from management towards satisfaction from a job H1: There exists impact of support from management towards satisfaction from a job H0: There exists no association amid compensation and benefits with satisfaction from job H1: There exists an association amid compensation and benefits with satisfaction from job H0: Lack of organization stability does not lead to job satisfaction H1: Lack of organization stability leads to satisfaction from job H0: No relationship exists amid individual engagement and satisfaction from job H1: Relationship exists amid individual engagement and satisfaction from job H0: There exists no influence of working environment towards satisfaction from job H1: There exists influence of working environment towards satisfaction from job H0: Satisfaction from job has no impact on job turnover H1: Satisfaction from job has impact on job turnover H0: No mediating effects over satisfaction from job exist towards the link of management support, compensation benefits, organization stability, work environment, individual engagement and job turnover H1: Mediating effects over satisfaction from job exist towards the link of management support, compensation benefits, organization stability, work environment, individual engagement and job satisfaction. References Co?ar, A. K., Guner, N., Tybout, J. (2016). Firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions in an open economy.American Economic Review,106(3), 625-63. Dane, E., Brummel, B. J. (2014). Examining workplace mindfulness and its relations to job performance and turnover intention.Human Relations,67(1), 105-128. Kwenin, D. O., Muathe, S., Nzulwa, R. (2013). The influence of employee rewards, human resource policies and job satisfaction on the retention of employees in Vodafone Ghana Limited.European Journal of Business and Management,5(12), 13-20. Peltokorpi, V., Allen, D. G., Froese, F. (2015). Organizational embeddedness, turnover intentions, and voluntary turnover: The moderating effects of employee demographic characteristics and value orientations.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(2), 292-312.

Organisational Culture Essay Example

Organisational Culture Essay The Intel Corporation produces microprocessors that are used in computers. It has a market share of over 75% and has been praised for its highly innovative culture. Do you think that an innovative culture can be relied on to guarantee the future success of a business? Justify your answer with reference to Intel and/or other organisations you know. (40 marks) An organisation’s culture refers to ‘the way we do things around here’ and is determined by the values, attitudes and beliefs of the people who work within it. As such, culture will undoubtedly influence the success of a business. In particular, it can be argued that an innovative culture can lead to business success because it enables companies to share ideas more freely and thus innovate and develop their business strategy. Furthermore, in light of Handy’s view of â€Å"discontinuous change† being ever more present in the business world, an innovative culture is likely to enable business to be flexible enough to cope with challenges that the future holds. However, it is important to bear in mind that when a business possesses over 75% market share that it benefits from economies of scale which can be an important determinant of success, regardless of culture. Perhaps more importantly, not every success international business possesses an innovative culture. A successful business strategy can be underpinned by other business cultures and thus the type of industry a business is in, and the different challenges it faces may determine what is the most suitable culture for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organisational Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Innovative cultures are essential in companies who are involved in technological markets, where developing new products and ideas can be key to success. The Intel corporation operate a very innovative culture which has lead to huge dominance of the market, capturing 75% market share after the production of microprocessors used in computers. Another example where innovation has lead to success is at Google, where CEO Eric Schmidt commits to innovation, making sure all employees are comfortable sharing ideas and opinions. The relaxed feel around the company allows employees to be creative, which has allowed Google to be one step ahead of competitors, which is especially important working in a technological industry. BMW use a similar culture where everyone is expected to help find solutions. They have a network of committed associates with few hierarchical barriers, allowing every employee to voice their opinion. This culture has allowed BMW to promote new products and get the product just right through thousands of brainstorming sessions. These examples show how innovation can lead to success in technological industries. Innovative culture can be relied on to guarantee the future success of a business, as the external environment is constantly changing. This can be linked to Charles Handy’s theory of ‘discontinuous change’ which means that in the future change is constant, and therefore an innovative culture would most likely guarantee a business success. Being highly innovative would mean that managers would have to be flexible and react to the constantly changing external environment, therefore adopting an innovative culture would mean businesses would have to come up with ideas and strategies for the future in order for the business to remain competitive and successful. Innovative culture should equip firms with the ability to cope better with change. For example Intel’s strategy of diversification where they use tactics such as job swapping and controlled employee role changes to increase the efficiency of their teams. This is useful as the workforce is flexible to the externally changing environment, and can guarantee future success of a business as they would be able to react to any change within the business. Hence I think that an innovative culture can determine the future success of the business, especially in a technological industry as the external environment is constantly changing meaning a firm has to be flexible and prepared to react and respond if it wishes to remain competitive and profitable. If a business did not react to changes and maintained there current strategies and plans then this could have negative effects on the business such as a declining market share due to competitors coming up with new innovative ideas and hence a lower profit. One way in which we can see that an innovative culture cannot be relied on to guarantee the success of a firm is that there are other organisations that have a different cultural approach that have been very successful. I believe that the culture within Tesco has significantly helped it to become one of the most successful retailers in Britain. Tesco use a person and role culture which I believe have helped to contribute to the success of the firm, there are ‘six levels between the till operator and the CEO’ in Tesco and I would think that this would have helped lead to the success of the firm as employees would feel like an important asset of the firm and are therefore motivated to work harder for the benefit of the business. Also it is evident in Cadburys, the biggest confectionary retailer in England who take a role and task approach to their culture that an innovative culture is not needed to guarantee the success of a firm. I believe that the putting an emphasis on results and giving staff specific roles within the business has led to the success of Cadburys as there is a specific focus on achieving targets and working as a team which I believe can highly motivate employees. So it is evident in a range of businesses that an innovative culture is not the key to success in business, various different cultural approaches such as task and role can have a significant contribution towards the success of an organisation. However, it can be argued that the size of Intel’s organisation provides it with its main competitive edge. Intel has a market share of 75% bringing with it certain benefits that are arguably more influential to its success than its innovative culture. A firm of this size is likely to benefit from economies of scale, propagating lower unit costs that can lead to higher profit margins. Higher profit margins enable greater re-investment into the firm, allowing Intel to continuously expand. Therefore, it seems apparent that even without its innovative culture, the sheer size of the firm would enable it to compete successfully. However, one cannot say that a large firm is guaranteed future success as demonstrated by the IBM monopoly that quickly lost majority market share to Microsoft and today only operate within a business-to-business niche market. Although business â€Å"success† is essentially easy to measure through examining market share, revenue, profit and other such measures, the factors that lead to such success are less easy to see. Factors such as a strong business strategy, good leadership, a favourable competitive environment and culture all contribute to a business’s success but being able to separate out which factor contributes more to success is near impossible. Furthermore, being ble to measure how effective an innovative culture versus a role or person culture is very difficult. Ultimately, the ‘best’ culture will vary according to industry and the nature of the business structure itself. Some industries such as the technology industry has developed its products at an exponential rate, inconceivable just 20 years ago. The nature of such a fast moving industry relies on quick and consistent innovation which is no doubt dependent on an innovative, networked culture like the type we see at Google and BMW. Other industries such as retailing and supermarkets, however do not face such radical and constant need to develop their product offering, and factors such as good quality service and product quality may be more important. As a result, a role and person based culture are more likely to lead to success. However, in light of Handy’s â€Å"discontinuous change†theory, all businesses, regardless of industry will face an ever changing external environment and so although an innovate culture may not be the most suitable per se, having an element of innovation and flexibility is key to any business intending to succeed in the future.

Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essays

Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essays Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essay Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essay Essay Topic: Arguments Death Penalty The death penalty, the ultimate punishment for man some may say. There are equally valid arguments for both views. This essay will discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder.Capital punishment is punishment by death hanging, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, lethal injection or beheading. It is normally reserved for murder although can be used in certain other exceptional circumstances (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001).Hanging was used in England and Wales between 1016 and 1964 (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001: 24). The purpose of which seems to have been retributive as well as deterrent. After May 1868, executions took place inside the prisons as previously, when they were public affairs, spectators often used the occasion as an opportunity to commit further crime thus turning what was supposed to show the power of law into a crime spree itself (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001).The death penalty was abolished in this country in 1965 (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1995: 6) although this was only for a five year trial period and was abolished officially in December 1969 (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001). It is still retained in some states in the USA and in certain African and Asian countries.In many places where the death penalty is still used as a means of punishment, more people are actually sentenced to death than are killed. For example, in the USA during 1995, 3,000 people were under death sentences but only 56 were executed. Statistics like these often bring about critical questions like, whether there is any point in retaining the death penalty and whether or not it does actually have an effect on society or on crime.Some states may justify the use of capital punishment simply on retributive grounds although the most common political belief is that it has a general deterrent capacity to save further innocent lives and significantly reduce other capital offences (R. Hood, 1 989).With regards to retribution, those who commit crime deserve to be punished, execution is a very real punishment with the criminal being made to suffer in proportion to the offence committed (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).It is necessary to distinguish two different, although often related, conceptions of general deterrence (R. Hood, 1989: 119). The death penalty implies that the threat of capital sanction, or to be more precise the risk of death, prevents those who are about to commit a capital offence from doing so, in more cases than would the threat of life imprisonment. Therefore there would be an obvious relationship between the risk of execution and the rate of capital offences (R. Hood, 1989).The second conception implies that the existence of capital punishment emphasises the severity of a crime therefore reinforcing criminal inhibitions against committing it (R. Hood, 1989). The death penalty is only a deterrent if execution is an absolute certainty and homicide is usually a crime committed in undeterrable states of mind anyway (N. Walker, 1991: 16).Capital punishment incapacitates criminals, obviously removing them from society permanently, thus eliminating the chance of them re-offending even though murder has the lowest reconviction rates.One of the main arguments of those who oppose the use of capital punishment is the chance that an innocent person may be incorrectly convicted and sentenced to death. Two of the leading opponents of capital punishment in the United States today, Professors Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael L. Radelet, concluded in a 1987 study that 23 innocent people have been put to death in the United States since 1900 (M. Grossman, 1998: 129). In todays society, courts commit resources to avoid such miscarriages of justice to ensure that innocent people are not put to death, although even as late as 1962, James Hanratty, subsequently considered innocent, was put to death for a crime committed on an English ro ad although another man later confessed to the offence, and in 1997 a British commission concluded that Hanratty may well have been innocent (M. Grossman, 1998).Capital punishment has always faced a lot of controversy. One of the reasons is due to the cost of actually carrying out the death penalty. Those in favour of capital punishment persistently argue that, cost cannot be considered as part of the judicial equation when justice is being sought (M. Grossman, 1998: 60). Those against the death penalty utilise numbers to prove their argument that it actually costs the state more to execute someone that it does to keep them in prison for the rest of their life. Margot Garey states that because of constitutional requirements and the diligence of attorneys in capital cases, death penalty litigation is a long, expensive process where, after conviction, appeals which usually last decades follow as courts examine the case and investigate possible legal errors that could overturn the deat h sentence (M. Grossman, 1998).Another main controversial topic when discussing capital punishment is human rights and the right to life. Does a particular murderer, taking into account the full circumstances of his or her life, really deserve to die at the hands of the state? (A. Sarat, 2001). Criminals, although they may have committed the most awful murders, are still real people who have a life, and with it comes the capability of feeling pain, love, fear and all the other emotions the rest of society feel (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).There is no such thing as a humane method of putting a person to death, irrespective of what the state may claim (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html). Every form of execution causes suffering and being executed is a terrifying and gruesome ordeal for any criminal (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html). A Canadian writer, Bernard Lande Cohen wrote The state has a duty to protect itself and its citizens not only from foreign enemies but from the domestic variety as well but he also insists the right of a government to take the life of any of its subjects ought to be subject to the strictest review in all instances and no matter how deserving of death and how little deserving of pity, it would be entirely wrong to inflict pain or torture upon him, or any form of death that is of a painful nature (M. Grossman, 1998: 6).An often, overlooked reason for opposing the death penalty is the depth of feelings of the friends and family of the criminal. They suffer pain and trauma leading up to and during the execution and will no doubt suffer serious trauma for years afterwards. Although, some may argue that the criminals family and friends feelings are now the same as the victims and, in that way, just (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).The discriminatory nature of the death penalty was recognised in the United States by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1972. The evidence shows rac ial bias continuing to influence the jury. A report released in 1990 by the General Accounting office in the states shows indications of racial discrimination. The study concluded that, a person accused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black (www.igc.org/africanam/archives/eh2/factsheet.html).There does not seem to be any other alternative to the death penalty except life imprisonment without parole. Punishment must be fair and in proportion to the offence committed and for the worst murderers life meaning life is an option. It protects the public from the risk of re-offence and allows time for rehabilitation. Most criminals are only, if at all, deterred by the thought of being caught and even the best review of the evidence from research concludes that it has failed to provide scientific proof that executions have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment' (N. Walker, 1991: 16).In conclusion we see th at the arguments for and against capital punishment are both very strong and depending on ones situation, circumstances and beliefs the ultimate decision to support or oppose the death penalty is that of the individual. The likelihood of Britain ever reintroducing the death penalty for murder is minimal. Politically it would be extremely hard given British commitment to human rights and our membership of the EC, which itself is highly opposed to capital punishment and contains no member states that still retain the death penalty as its highest form of punishment (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).

Part two of final essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Part two of final - Essay Example luded page numbers for paraphrased material, while global changes include clarifying the topic sentences of each paragraph to support the thesis and to produce an organized flow, revising the conclusion to offer a unified ending and a stronger impact on my audience, and giving more illustrations from the poem to support each point. Local changes should not be ignored, especially when it concerns adding a few words to clarify the thesis and page numbers to paraphrased sentences. My professor wanted me to consider the gross side of puking in Eileen Myles’ â€Å"Everyday Barf,† so I changed my thesis to: â€Å"Myles argues that to puke is a metaphor of developing and expressing one’s true identity because it is a process of spilling what is inside, which is similarly gross and liberating.† I added the italics part because her comment inspired me to see puking as both gross and enlightening to one’s identity. Moreover, I also added page numbers to paraphrased sentences. For instance, I did this to one of the sentences that I paraphrased from the text: â€Å"Myles feels uncomfortable in shouting â€Å"O-Reil-ly† outside Fox because she feels it is a racist chant (Myles 74).† I forgot that even paraphrased material must be properly cited, even when I am talking about only one text (â€Å"MLA In-Text Citations†). These minor changes improved the citation and clarity of my paper. Aside from local revision, I produced global changes, particularly clarifying the topic sentences of each paragraph to support the thesis and to produce an organized flow, revising the conclusion to give a unified ending with a strong impact, and including illustrations from the poem to support each point. My professor commented that I should improve the clarity of my writing by focusing on a few, related ideas only. I realized that I muddle my topic sentence by exploring too many ideas, so I changed several topic sentences, such as: â€Å"To puke is to express that identity to others, including